User:Sania94/sandbox

Hello! My name is Fatima and I am a student at Rutgers University majoring in psychology with a minor in sociology.

Language: Soqotri

Lead Section:

Currently has minimal information which includes only brief phonetics and writing system sections. Needs more information on location, history, culture, and speaker numbers. There should more mention of the Modern South Arabian languages and Soqotri's placement in the category. Needs more detail as to why the language is endangered and why an emphasis on documentation is needed. Phonetics section needs to incorporate more language properties. Syntax, pragmatics, typology, and grammar should be mentioned, giving a detailed description of word order, verbs, prepositions, nouns, etc. Images should be included as well. Oral literature is an integral part of the Soqotri language and should be examined in order to give insight into the traditional lifestyle of Yemen's Soqotra Island inhabitants.

= Soqotri Language (Current Information): =

Classification[edit source]
Soqotri, or Socotri, Sokotri, and Suqutri (autonym: méthel d-saqátri; Arabic: اللغة السقطرية‎‎) is a an unwritten Semitic language spoken by the native Socotri population of Mehri people in the island of Socotra, and the Abd al Kuri and Samhah islands of the Socotra archipelago off the southern coast of the Republic of Yemen. Soqotri is one of six pre-Islamic languages that form a group called Modern South Arabian languages (Nominalization in Soqotri, a South Arabian language of Yemen). These additional languages inlcude Mehri, Jibbali, Bathari, Harsusi and Hobyot. All are spoken in different regions of Southern Arabia. Mehri is from the governorate of Mahra in the south-east of Yemen with a dialectal verision spoken across the Mahra-Dhofar border, Jibbali and Mathari are spoken in the Dhofar region of Oman, Harsusi is spoken in the central region of Oman, and Hobyot is spoken on both sides of the border between Mahra and Dhofar in south-western Oman. (Cultural Accommodation to State Incorporation in Yemen).

Soqotri is often mistaken as Aarabic but is officially classified as an Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, and, South Arabian language. https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sqt

History[edit source]
Soqotra is thought to be the oldest of the Modern South Arabian languages. It was the first MSAL discovered in 1834, 170 years ago. file:///C:/Users/Fatima/Downloads/Soqotri_dialectology_and_the_evaluation.pdf

There are believed to be three origin's to the island's name. Becasue the naming process was a complex structure that depended partly on the which of the colonizing groups achieved achieved economic, poitical, and cultural hegemony at a particular point in history. This led to a very cyclic naming process, either from the corruption of the previously established name or crafting of a new name based on the decision of the new occupants. The Indian root of the name comes first according to genealogical ascendany. The original name is assumed to be derived from Sanskrit, ''Dvipa Sukhadhara. When the roots of this name are looked at, dvipa refers to island, sukha, to happiness, and adhara, to support, altogether meaning Island of Bliss or Abode of the Blest.'' There are also Greek and Arabic origins as well. The Arabic source is comes from the term Suqutra which is shortened from suq al-qatra; suq meaning market or emporium, and qatra meaning drop, all together the market for drops (this might have to do with the island's natrual resources such as the sap from the Dragon's Blood tree, aloes, fragrances, etc) .ttp://www.jstor.org.proxy.libraries.rutgers.edu/stable/pdf/20455452.pdf

Soqotra is still somewhat of a mystery. The island has had minimal contact with the outside world and the inhabitants of Socotra have no written history. What is known of the Islands is gathered from references found in records from those who have visted the island, usually in a number of different languages, some yet to be translated. The language is thought to have its roots in Saeba, the Queen of Sheba's ancient city state on the southern Arabian mainland. This means it was part of the Old South Arabian Languages, which also included Minaean and Qatabanian among others.

Because the country is so remote and out of reach, the people are poor and among some of the most disadvantaged people in any island in the world. Tourism can provide some source of income, however, there is a worry that it might bring damage to the environment. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Socotra

For example, there have been many attempts at symbolic appropriation from a power-based discourse about the exoticism of Soqotra rather than a direct dialogue with the inhabitants. Eurocentric perspective has weakened any possible dialogue with that might have taken place in the first place. This interfering transcultural subjectivity has ultimately led to the idealization of environmental and ecological conditions. The potential danger this brings is neglect of the island's linguistic heritage .http://www.jstor.org.proxy.libraries.rutgers.edu/stable/pdf/20455452.pdf (South Arabia's Strategic Gateway and Symbolic Playground)

The language is under immense influence of the dominant Arabic language and culture. Because many Arabic-speaking Yemenis have settled in the Soqotri region permanently, resulting in Arabic becoming the official language of the island. Soqotri is now replaced with Arabic as a means of education in schools. Students are prohibited from using their mother tongue while at school and job seeking Soqotrans must be able to speak Aarabic before getting employed. Young Soqotrans even prefer Arabic to Soqotri and now have a difficult time learning it. Often times they mix Arabic in it and cannot recite or understand any piece of Soqotri Oral Literature. file:///C:/Users/Fatima/Downloads/bookpart%20(2).pdf (Nominalization in Soqotri, a South Arabian language of Yemen)

Arabic is now the symbolic, or more ideological, articulation of the nation's identity, maiking it the privliged lingua franca of the nation. The government has also taken up an inclination of neglect toward the Soqotri language. This seems to based on the view that Soqotri is only a dialect rather than a language itself. There is also no cultural policy on what should be done abou the remaining pre-literate non-Arabic languages of Yemen, include Soqotri and Mehri. The language is seen as an impediment to progess because of the new generation's judgement of it as being irrelevant in helping to improve the socio-economic status of the island. Limitations to Soqotri, such as not being able to communicate through writing, are also viewed as obstacles by the youth that makes up 60% of the population. There seems to be cultural sentiments toward the language but yet an indifference due to neglect and the notion of hindrance associated with it.

Hence, Soqotri is regarded as an endangered language and a main concern toward the lack of research in Soqotri language field is not only related to the semitics, but to the Soqotry folklore heritage conservation. This isolated island has high pressures of modernization and with a rapidly changing cultual environment, there is a possibility of losing valuable stratums of the Soqotran folklore heritage.

Poetry and song used to be an normal part of everyday life for people on the island, a way of communicating with others, no matter if they were human, animal, spirits of the dead, jinn sorcerers, or the divine. However, soqotri poetry has been overlooked and the skill of the island's poets ignored.

This has induced research since the ninteenth century by the United Nations Development Program in order to closely survey the island and understand its biodiversity .http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Socotra.

The European Union has also expressed serious concerns on the issue of preserving cultural precpets of the Archipelago's population .http://www.sabanews.net/en/news151852.htm

Geographic distribution[edit source]
The total population of Soqotri users throughout Yemen is 57,000(1990 census) and total users in all countries is 71,400 .https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sqt

Official status[edit source]
Soqotra is a language of Yemen where it is spoken mainly on the islands of Amanat al Asimah governorate: 'Abd al Kuri, Darsah, Samha, and Soqotra islands in the Gulf of Aden .https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sqt

Dialects/Varieties[edit source]
The Soqotri dialectology is very rich, especially considering the surface of the island and number of inhabitants. file:///C:/Users/Fatima/Downloads/Soqotri_dialectology_and_the_evaluation.pdf

Soqotri speakers live on their islands, but rarely on the Yemeni mainland. The language was, through its history, isolated from the Arabian mainland. Arabic is also spoken in a dialectal form on Socotra.

There are four dialect groups: the dialects spoken on the north coast, the dialects spoken on the south coast, the dialects spoken by Bedouins in the mountains in the centre of the island and the dialect spkoen on cAbd al-Kuri. The dialect that is spoken on this island Samhah appears to be the same as the one spoken on the west coast of Socotra. https://www.ogmios.org/ogmios_files/105.htm

These dialects include ’Abd Al-Kuri, Southern Soqotri, Northern Soqotri, Central Soqotri, and Western Soqotri .https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sqt

There are no longer any grounds for associating the (M)odern (S)outh (A)rabian languages so directly with Arabic. These dialects are not Arabic, but Semitic languages in their own right .http://www.jstor.org.proxy.libraries.rutgers.edu/stable/pdf/195306.pdf ( Comparative Vocabulary of Southern Arabic: Mahri, Gibbali and Soqotri by Aki'o Nakano)

Sounds/Phonology[edit source]
When MSAL were first discovered by semiticists, they were considered The isolation of the island of Socotra has led to the Soqotri language independently developing certain phonetic characteristics absent in even the closely related languages of the mainland. In all the known dialects of Soqotri, there is a lack of distinction between the original South Arabic interdentals θ, ð, and θˁ and the stops t, d and ṭ: e.g. Soqotri has dərh / do:r / dɔ;r (blood), where Shehri for instance has ðor; Soqotri has ṭarb (a piece of wood), where the other South Arabian languages have forms starting with θˁ; Soqotri trih (two) corresponds to other South Arabian forms beginning with θ.

Soqotri once had ejective consonants. However, ejective fricatives have largely become pharyngeal consonants as in Arabic, and this occasionally affects the stops as well. Apart from that, the phonemic inventory is basically that of Mehri.

Grammar[edit source]
Soqotri grammar and voabulary is very poorly documented and distributed. There have been many proposals on the collection of lingusitic data. This will allow a deeper understanding of the Soqotran scientific, literary, spiritual, and so on, culture naitve speakers. Preservation of the Soqotri language will give future generations access to this education as well.

Independent Pronouns
Independent personal prononus for the 2nd person singular, ē (m.) and ī (f.), are more widespread than het and hit. In research done by Marie-Claude Simeone-Senelle, het and hit actually specific to some of the dialects spoken in Diksam, and the far-western ares of Qalansiya, Qafiz. She found that in other places, the 2nd singluar m. and f., are ē and ī. In the latest system, the subject pronouns are the full form.

Connective Particle
Another linguistic uniqueness in the far-western dialect of Qafiz is the possessive construction. This dialect, like all other Soqotri dialects, is basedin the connective d-, folloed by a pronoun. However, in this dialect, the connective is variable (like the relative pronoun): d- with a singular, and l- with a plural:

dihet férham/ girl>‘your(msg.) girl’, des ‘her’..., but lḥan, ‘our’, ltan ‘your (pl.)’, lyihan ‘their (m.)’, lisan ‘their (f.)’.

This variation highlight the link between connective, deictic and relative pronoun. In other dialects, a grammaticalization process took place and the singular form was frozen as a connecting invariable particle d-.

Nominal Dual
The nominal dual -in, instead of -i is a specific feature to a 15 year old boy from Diksam. It may be due to his idiolect, but the link with classical Arabic dual is interesting:

əsbá‘in ‘two fingers’; ba‘írin ‘two camels’; əsáfirōtin ‘two birds’; məkšămin ‘two boys’; but with colour names: aféri ‘red (dual)’; hări ‘black (dual)’.

Agreement
In some dialects, the relative pronoun does not agree with plural:

le-ēfœ d-ize em b'fédəhɔn  ‘this people who stays in the mountain’ (Rujed).

In remote places, old people use the verbal, nominal and pronominal dual:

eṭáyherö ho-w-d-eh ḳaḳa ḳalansíye  ‘I and my brother, we go to Qalansiya’,

but many native speakers (young people or people in contact with Arabic) do not use verbal dual regularly:

ˤeğébö təṭhár (for təṭhárö)  ‘They (both) want to go’,

and they use plural pronouns instead of the dual form:

tten férhem ‘your girl’ for /tti férhem/ ‘your girl’ (to you both).

Many people in contact with Arabic tend to use plural in all cases (verb or pronoun). Only the nominal dual occurs regularly.

Negation
Cf. above, about the phono-morphological explanation for the two forms of negation. In many dialects, the verbal negation is the same with indicative and prohibitive.

Vocabulary/Lexis[edit source]
This section should contain a discussion of any special features of the vocabulary of the language, like if it contains a large number of borrowed words or a different sets of words for different politeness levels, taboo groups, etc.

Lieutenant Wellstedt, who was part of a surveying mission in 1835, was the first to collect toppnyms, tribe names, plant names, figures, and in total was able to put together a list of 236 Soqotri words. The words have no characterisitcs of the Western dialects and 41 words out of the 236 were noted as Arabic loans by Wellstedt. Some are really Arabic as beïdh (bayḍ) ‘eggs’ (ḳehélihen in Soqotri) or ˤajúz ‘old woman’ (Soqotri śíbīb), thob (tob) ‘a shirt’ (with interdental, absent from the Soqotri consonant system; tob in Soqotri means ‘cloth’); many words belong to the old common Semitic vocabulary and are attested in both Arabic and Soqotri: edahn ‘ears’ (exactly ˤídəhen), ˤaṣábi ‘fingers’ (ˤəṣābe) etc. Religious poems show influence of Arabic with borrwoings from classical Arabic vocabulary and Quranic expressions.

Writing system[edit source]
A writing system for the Soqotri language was developed in 2014 by a Russian team led by Dr. Vitaly Naumkin following five years of work. This writing system can be read in his book Corpus of Soqotri Oral Literature. The script is Arabic-based and transcriptions of the text appear in translated English and Arabic. This Arabic based orthography has helped passive narrators of oral lore collaborate with researchers in order to compose literature truthful to its origins.

Examples[edit source]
The following examples are couplets, which is the basic building block of Soqotri poetry and song. This is a straightforward humorous piece about a stingy fisherman with easy language usage that anyone on the island could easily understand.

1. ber tībeb di-ģašonten / Abdullah di-halēhn

2. d-iķor di-hi sode / af teķolemen ٚeyh il-ārhen

1. Everyone knows for certain that Abdullah is quite idiotic, walking here and there:

2. He's concealed his fish for so long that the bluebottles are swarming all around him!

The next example is a line that most Soqotrans would not find too difficult to understand either:

1. selleman enhe we-mātA / le-ha le-di-ol yahtite

2. di-ol ināsah ki-yiķtīni / lot erehon ki-gizol šeber

Literal translation:

1. Greet on my behalf and make certain my greetings reach the one over there who is quite without shame.

2. Who does not wipe his face clean when he has eaten, just like goats when they are feeding on the šeber plants

In order to understand this piece however, the listener has to know of the significance of the šeber plants. These plants, part of the Euphorbia plant group, survive long months of dry seasons and have a milky latex which goats often feed on in times of shortage. There is no nutritious benefit to it but, it helps rid of the goats' thirst. However, when goats feed on the latex from damaged platns, it stains their muzzles and causes sores in and around the mouth.The lines were made by a women who had found out that her lover was bragging to others of his victories (he is being compared to the feeding goats). She is calling this out and warning other women to be careful of men of his like.

Bibliography
 * 1) Elie, S. (2012). Cultural Accommodation to State Incorporation in Yemen: Language Replacement on Soqotra Island. Journal Of Arabian Studies, 2(1), 39-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21534764.2012.686235
 * 2) Elie, S. (2006). Soqotra: South Arabia's Strategic Gateway and Symbolic Playground. British Journal Of Middle Eastern Studies, 33(2), 131-160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13530190600953278
 * 3) Simeone-Senelle, MC. (2011). 64. The Modern South Arabian Languages. The Semitic Languages, 378-423. doi:10.1515/9783110251586.1073
 * 4) Simeone-Senelle, M. (2003). Soqotri dialectology and the evaluation of the language endangerment. The Developing Strategy Of Soqotra Archipelago And The Other Yemeni Islands, 14-16, 1-13. Retrieved from https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00338711/document
 * 5) Shibatani, Masayoshi, and Khaled Awadh Bin Makhashen. 2009. Nominalization in Soqotri, a South Arabian language of Yemen. W. Leo Wetzels (ed.) Endangered languages: Contributions to Morphology and Morpho-syntax, 9-31.
 * 6) Marie-Claude Simeone-Senelle. (2003). Soqotri dialectology and the evaluation of the language endangerment. The Developing Strategy of Soqotra Archipelago and the other Yemeni Islands.
 * 7) Porkhomovsky, Victor. (1997). Modern South Arabian languages from a Semitic and Hamito-Semitic perspective. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, 27, 219-223. Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41223601
 * 8) Leslau, W. (1943). South-East Semitic (Ethiopic and South-Arabic). Journal Of The American Oriental Society, 63(1), 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/594146
 * 9) Johnstone, T. (1968). The non-occurrence of a t- prefix in certain Socotri verbal forms. Bulletin Of The School Of Oriental And African Studies, 31(03), 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00125534
 * 10) Naumkin, V. & Porkhomovsky, V. (2003). Oral poetry in the Soqotran socio-cultural context. The case of the ritual song "The girl and the jinn". Proceedings Of The Seminar For Arabian Studies, 33, 315-318. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41223772
 * 11) Morris, M. (2013). The use of 'veiled language' in Soqoṭri poetry. Proceedings Of The Seminar For Arabian Studies, 43, 239-244. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/43782882
 * 12) Naumkin, V., Kogan, L., Cherkashin, D., & ʿĪsā al-Daʿrhī, A. (2012). Towards an annotated corpus of Soqotri oral literature: the 2010 fieldwork season. Proceedings Of The Seminar For Arabian Studies, 42, 261-275. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41623642