User:Sanjana Kancharla/Cell potency

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Pluripotency: These are the cells that can generate into any of the three Germ layers which imply Endodermal, Mesodermal, and Ectodermal cells except tissues like the placenta.

According to Latin terms, Pluripotentia means the ability for many things.

We can generate Induced Pluripotent cells by using the Induced pluripotency technique by triggering or expressing the genes or the transcription factors of the normal somatic cells. They are abbreviated as iPSC or IPS. We can forcefully express the transcription factors like  Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc of a non-pluripotent cell and convert them into a stem cell. This procedure is first studied in a Mouse fibroblast cell in 2006 and followed the same instructions in developing a Human pluripotent cell from a Human epidermal fibroblast cell. The technique is called Regeneration.

Though the iPSC has similar properties to embryonic stem cells they were never approved for clinical stage research because they are highly Tumerogenic, having low replication rates and early senescence.

There are two distinctive phases called Naïve and Primed conditions of pluripotency in epiblasts. We call it pre and post-implementation. The pre-implemented epiblast is referred to as embryonic stem cells which can generate into an entire fetus.

On the other hand, the Post-implemented epiblasts show several marked differences from pre-implemented epiblasts like the difference in morphology (showing morphological differences like developing a cup-like shape called “egg cylinder” after implementation) and taking part in  X-inactivation.

In plants, we can observe the un-induced pluripotency in root meristems. This happens because of the regulation of a few genes like PLETHORA1, PLETHORA2, PLETHORA3, PLETHORA5, and PLETHORA7. These genes will provoke the auxins in the plants. This is called Native Pluripotency in Plants.

Cell potency:

Stem cells are cells that have the capacity for self-renewal and differentiation. The capacity of cells to multiply without losing their ability to differentiate or going through senescence is known as self-renewal (biologic aging). A stem cell is a type of precursor cell that may develop into several tissue types, including skin, muscle, and nerve cells. The fundamental unit of the human body is the stem cell.

The topic of memory processes' epigenetics is covered. The adult central nervous system (CNS) is dynamic in response to the environment, and memory formation is supported by epigenetic regulation of gene transcription. Studies have also shown that by manipulating these systems, learning and memory problems in a variety of mouse models of neurodegeneration and brain damage may be recovered. According to ground-breaking research that keeps coming out, the histone proteins and DNA that make up chromatin are targets of neuronal signalling pathways involved in CNS plasticity and memory formation. The covalent alteration of chromatin that affects activity-dependent changes in gene expression is known as epigenetics.

Two fundamental molecular epigenetic processes are now being researched in learning and memory: direct covalent methylation of cytosines and post-translational alterations of histone proteins. Histones are proteins that help the nucleus arrange DNA. At the center of the chromatin core are 8 histone proteins (histones 2a, 2b, 3, and 4, with two copies of each molecule).

Epigenetics of Human Disease:
== Epigenetic regulatory signals are crucial for maintaining stem cells' potency, so stem cell-based therapeutic strategies may one day provide effective ways of treating human illnesses. The preservation of embryonic stem cells' pluripotency and their differentiation, two key components of stem cell-based therapies, appear to be significantly influenced by chromatin alterations and dynamics. In fact, using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from patient cells, a number of epigenetic diseases have been recreated in vitro. The possibility for treating human epigenetic illnesses may be greatly enhanced by understanding the fundamental epigenetic modifications essential to these processes. ==

== Additionally, non-coding RNAs take involvement in stem cell renewal and differentiation. When used in the treatment of epigenetic illnesses, the function of epigenetics and non-coding RNAs may offer a variety of practical techniques for modifying stem cell programming. ==

Antimalarial Drug Discovery

Many substances with exceptional levels of whole-cell potency against CQR strains have been created by the production of compounds having two quinoline cores connected by an aliphatic chain or aromatic ring. Piperaquine, which has outstanding in vivo effectiveness and has been used extensively in clinical settings in China, is the counterpart that has been most thoroughly documented. Although the drug is still effective against CQR strains in Africa, broad resistance has recently appeared in places where piperaquine has been widely administered. Clinical studies have demonstrated the great effectiveness of a drug combination called Eurartesim, which contains piperaquine and dihydroartemisinin (DHA). Sigma-tau and the Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) together developed Eurartesim, which has just recently received EMA approval after being routinely used in clinics for more than ten years [84]. Other compounds, such the bisquinoline reported by Ridely, have also demonstrated great effectiveness against CQR strains; however, in this instance, toxicity implications (phototoxicity) were found, and its advancement as a clinical candidate was halted.

Generation of Organs Based on Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Scaffolds:

One of the biggest problems in modern medicine is the lack of donated organs for patients who have organ failure and require an organ transplant. This is particularly impressive for those who have had spinal cord injuries or renal or heart problems. Even though there are more of these patients every year, the availability of donated organs is quite constrained. To  prevent transplant rejection, immunological incompatibility between donors and recipients, storage space restrictions, and even donor's family approval of organ donation can all have an impact on this restriction. Hence, it appears important that alternate solutions be developed. Regenerative medicine is a cutting-edge treatment strategy that combines nuclear transfer, tissue engineering, and stem cell biology to repair damaged tissue. The word was first used by William Haseltine in 1999. He discovered that embryonic SCs can differentiate into every form of human body cell. William's explanation may appear straightforward at first, but if we dig a little further, we can see how regenerative medicine has great promise for the near future and might drastically alter how we treat patients whose organs have been severely damaged or failed. Different treatment procedures have been created today and regenerative medicine has given itself a specific position, while most of them are still in the early stages.

Reference:

Akbari-Birgani, S., Birgani, M. T., & Ansari, H. (2019). Generation of Organs Based on Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Scaffolds. Stem Cells and Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine, 57-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812258-7.00005-8