User:SantanaG123/Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua

The Higher Academy of the Quechua Language is a corporation that depends economically on the Cultural Ministry of Peru, dedicated to the research, promotion, spreading, and recognition of the Quechua language, the most commonly spoken Andean language. In practice, its work is in recognition of Qheswa or Cusqueno Quechua. Its main headquarters can be found in the city of Cusco (Peru).

Background: Peruvian Academy of the Quechua Language
In 1954, Faustino Espinoza Navarro, the son of an small farm owner near Cusco, and the founder of the Cusco-based reconstruction of the Inti Raymi ceremony (where he played the role of the Inca the first 14 years), along with other Quechua-speaking bilingual artists, founded the Academy of the Quecha Language, whose statutes were approved in 1954. In the academy, Quechua experts from Cusco without formal training had the opportunity to gain recognition as intellectuals. According to the academy, the contrary of runa simi, the Quechua of the people, was Qhapag Simi, or "imperial Quechua," also called, "Inka Quechua" the supposedly "purest" form of Quechua that would be taught in special schools (Tachay Wasi) and whose current enforcers would be the members of the Academy of the Quechua Language of Cusco. The 10th of December of 1958, under the government of Manuel Prado Ugarteche, the Academy was officially recognized by Law 13059 as the Academy of the Peruvian Quechua Language, which would be in the city of Cusco.

On the 27th of May in 1975, governor Juan Velasco Alvarado officialized Quechua with Law 21156 and prescribed the written five vowels. In 1983, Quechua and Aymara professionals from all over Peru decided to implement a Quechua and Aymaran alphabet with three vowels: a, i, e. On the 10th of October in 1985, the government of Peru authorized the Quechuan and Aymara alphabet with only three vowels through Ministerial Resolution 1218-85. The Academy opposed this and, in 1987, with the support of representatives of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, decided to use the system with five vowels.

According to linguist Juan Carlos Godenzzi, the AMLQ has been an obstacle to the official standardization of Quechua orthography and syntax by the Peruvian state.

Higher Academy
The Higher Academy was created on June 8th, 1990, by {Law Number 252620}, which establishes there should be a Quechua language academy in Cusco, without referring exclusively to the AMLQ. On the other hand, the commission to establish the statutes was not created until 2009, although it had been recognized as a decentralized organization in 2007.

The mission of the institution is to ensure the purity of the Quechua language, to stimulate development of literature in this language and the linguistic study.

The Higher Academy of the Quechua Language follows utilizing the Peruvian Quechua version of the alphabet from 1976 with five vowels. Because of this, it writes Qosqo and not Qusqu for "Cusco." According to the AMLQ, Presidential Resolution No. 001 from the 12th of October in 1990 "ratifies the Basic Imperial Quechua Alphabet of 1975 composed of 31 graphemes: five vowels and 26 consonants from Qosqo Puno."

David Samanez Florez from the AMLQ to this day tries to demonstrate the cusqueño origins of the Quechua language even though, according to investigations by Parker (1963) and Torero (1964), the Quechua languages originated in the Central Sierra of Peru.

Regional Decrees
The Regional Council of Cusco, mediating the Organic Law of Regional Governments Number 27867 and its modification of Law Number 27903 and the Internal Regulation of Organizations and Functions of the Regional Council of Cusco, debated and approved the Regional Ordinance Number 011-2003-CRC/GRC, in effect since the 4th of November of 2003, which declares "Day of Quechua or Runasimi Inca," the 8th of November every year, in recognition of the 50th anniversary of the founding of the Higher Academy of Quechua Language, recognized on November 8th of 1953.

It also declares "the obligation of teaching and learning the Quechua language," in all levels of initial, primary, and secondary education and non-university higher education, especially in the zones with predominance of Quechua-speaking in the department of Cusco, and order "the regulation of the Regional Ordinance," of the Higher Academy of the Quechua language.

Quechua World Congresses
The Third World Congress of Quechua, Yuyayyaku Wawakuna, was held in Salta in October 2004.At the convention, decisions included tasks of the Academy and its affiliates, such as putting in pace the original phonetics and phonology of Quechua phytonym s, zoonyms, anthroponyms and toponym s, coordinating with political and tourist authorities; recommending that its affiliates share publications related to the language, so that the institution can archive all works as part of its heritage and recommend that the Academy should have an organizational characteristic of Andean culture. The institution sought to avoid using models of foreign academies and instead wanted to create their own organizational model

In November 2020, the Fourth World Congress of Quechua, called "Pachakutip K'anchaynin" ("New times of prosperity and change are shining on us") was held in Cochabamba, Bolivia.

Criticism and Problems

 * The AMLQ is under the opinion that there is only one Quechua language, and that the current Cusco Quechua (and not any intermediate form such as Southern Quechua), with all its regional specific characteristics, should be the official standard for all Quechua dialects. The term "Inka Quechua" (or Inka Qheshqa) is used to describe it. In addition, they insistently promote the old Quechua alphabet established by the Peruvian government in1975, which corresponds most closely to the current alphabet, corrected in 1985 so that it had the five vowels of the Spanish language: a, e, i, o, u.
 * In 2006, a group of people linked to the institution vandalized a Wikipedia page about Southern Quechua, insulting its editors and defacing its title page.
 * In 2010, four workers of the institution began a hunger strike, claiming the statutes were outdated and the budget was too low. While the budget was initially granted, the Ministry of Education never followed through due to the AMLQ's own issues within self-regulation.


 * According to Godenzzi, the intent of the academy is to create a "norm" among the languages. According to Tim Marr, the extensive setbacks overtime have been result of Andean fascism.