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Blood pressure and Alzheimer

Introduction

This assignment deals with finding the relationship between blood pressure and Alzheimer disease. The purpose is to figure out the effect of high blood pressure on Alzheimer especially in elderly people. The essay covers the definitions and symptoms of hypertension and Alzheimer respectively. The final section reviews the previous findings in literature about the relationship between these two factors. According to the studies the high blood pressure has positive effects on increasing the risk of Alzheimer in aged people.

Blood pressure

By each heart beat blood moves in vessels around the body to provide oxygen and energy to different parts of body. Therefore, the blood pressure is the strength of the pushing of blood in vessels ( Saugel,). The measurement of blood pressure is done by “millimetres of mercury” (mmHg) showing by two levels. The top or the first level is called systolic blood pressure which is the highest level of blood pressure while heart beating. And the second level which normally is written in bottom is Diastolic blood pressure (Pickering and et al., 2006). It happens when the heart is in relaxing time and reaches the lowest level of pressure. So, in normal condition if the numbers shows 120/80mmHg, it means that the systolic pressure is 120 over 80 (diastolic pressure). 120 is top number and 80 is the bottom number in this reading (Saugel, Dueck and Wagner, 2014).

High blood pressure

High blood pressure does not evident by patients and usually they cannot realize or even feel it. The reliable way to find it is to be measured by professionals. Hypertension or high blood pressure has not any noticeable symptoms It should be considered very important if not it makes serious problems like heart attack, stroke, kidney diseases or Alzheimer ( Saugel, Dueck and Wagner, 2014). •	Ideal blood pressure: indicates the reading lower than 120/80mmHg •	Low blood pressure: blood pressure below 90/60mmHg •	Hypertension : blood pressure over 140/90mm/Hg deals with high blood pressure The statistics in England illustrates that more than 5 million people are suffering from hypertension which they are not aware of it which means more than 1 in 4 on adult population According to studies the hypertension chance goes up in elderly people which usually has not have any clear reason for it. The risk of high blood pressure is increases in people over 65 years old, weighty people, genetic, with family history of high blood pressure, African decent, salty diet, not enough exercises, high alcohol or caffeine-based drinks consumptions and also the people who smoke The people with high risk of hypertension should strain to measure their blood pressure continuously and also consult with their GP to have more control on it or even taking medicine to keep it in ideal level

Dementia (Alzheimer) disease'''

Dementia is a type of neurological illness which is very progressive and negatively affects brain tasks and function as memory. It is worth to mentioning that, the recent studies are mentioning the being overlap of Alzheimer and dementia which there both risk factors and pathology are the same. Therefore, in this essay the Alzhimer has taking into account the same as dementia. According to variable studies the main cause of Alzheimer is not clear but there are some risk factors which increase the chance of developing Alzheimer diseases.

The risk of this disease is high in elderly people, if the relatives have this problem, people with serious head injuries and cardiovascular disease.

•	Symptoms and signs of Alzheimer The main symptoms of Alzheimer are illustrated in table 1: Table 1: Symptoms of Alzheimer According to recent NHS reports in UK 1 in 14 people older than 65 years old and 1 in 6 over 80 years old are affecting by this disease. Also the statistics indicates that 1 in every 20 people between 40 to 65 age may be affected by Alzheimer.

High Blood pressure and Alzheimer

In recent years, there were more attention toward the relationship between blood pressure and dementia by researchers. some studies find a positive effect of high blood pressure on dementia and some find mix the results and other factors such as age on this relationship. Two common diseases in aged people are High blood pressure and Alzheimer. High blood pressure is one of the main risk factors for dementia. A summary of studies in association of high blood pressure and dementia summarized in following table. Table 2: studies of blood pressure in association with dementia Apart from table 2 there are several other cross sectional and longitudinal studies which strain to find the relationship between hypertension and dementia There are very few studies that indicated that there are no relationship between these two factor those are Ueda et al., (1992) and According to literature the association of high blood pressure with Alzheimer there are two research features as the effect on mid-life or late-life. A study by on 3703 Japaness-American men ( 45-68 years old during 26 years fund out that there is strong positive relationship between  midlife blood pressure of >160mmHg  and dementia. On the other hand also they figured out that the people who had high blood pressure and had used the antihypertensive medicines the risk of dementia is very low, actually no association. Moreover a study by indicated that there is a positive relationship between high systolic and diastolic blood pressure and Alzheimer in midlife.

Low Blood pressure and Alzheimer

Furthermore, there are few studies that fund low blood pressure as a risk factor which effect on developing Alzheimer such as    In the study by which had done in Sweden, 599 individuals more than 80 years old  fie during of four years were studied and the results shows that lower blood pressure has association with cognitive decline and Alzheimer. Not all the researchers fund the link between blood pressure and dementia, for instance, a study by had fund no association between these two factors as systolic and diastolic pressure and cognitive decline in both individuals who had used hypertensive medicine and the patients who didn’t treated by medicine.

Conclusion Evidences from different studies in the relationship between (Low-high) blood pressure as a risk factor and developing dementia (Alzheimer) illustrates that there are strong relationship between these two factors. Some studies find that hypertension is one of the risk factors for cognitive decline which make Alzheimer in midlife and also late life. On the other, hand some studies figured out that also low blood pressure affects the developing of dementia in late life. Therefore, this easy covers a summary of some important studies in this area. It has been attempt to cover the studies and the results in association with low and high blood pressure and their effect on developing Alzheimer. Since there are contradictory in the findings by different studies in this field of research, it is suggested that more studies to be conducted by considering other risk factors in different contexts.