User:SarahBret/Black-shanked douc

The black-shanked douc (Pygathrix nigripes) is an endangered species of douc found mostly in the forests of Eastern Cambodia, with some smaller populations in Southern Vietnam. The region they are mostly found in is called the Annamite Range, a mountainous area that passes through Cambodia and Vietnam. Its habitat is mostly characterized by evergreen forest in the mountains, in the middle to upper canopy. They move around quadrupedally and by brachiation up in the trees. This species is unique with its coloration among the doucs as it has a bluish face with yellow rings around its eyes a blue scrotum and a pink penis. Like other doucs, this specie has a tail as long as its body and head length. Black-shanked douc have been observed in groups ranging from 3 to 30 indivuals, depending on their habitat. Group tend to have a fission-fusion dynamic that changes with food availability. Their diet varies from dry to wet season. Regardless of the season, their consists mostly of leaves, but they have also been found to consume considerable amounts of fruits and flowers during wet season. The species changed conservation status in 2015 from endangered to critically endangered in the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species. This reassessment is due to an increase of the rate of population decline. The majority of the population can be found in Cambodia, with smaller populations in Vietnam. The biggest challenges that the black-shanked douc faces in terms of conservation are habitat loss and illegal poaching.

Geographic range and habitat (Replace section Habitat usage by this)
Species from the Pygathrix genus are all Indochina endemic species, that can be found in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam, but the black-shanked douc is only found in Cambodia and Vietnam. Studies on douc species have shown differentiation in ecological niche (**Reference Bett for ecological niche article**). The findings were that each douc species are spread out from North to South of Vietnam, each having their own latitudinal range. For the black-shanked douc, they estimated its geographic range is at a narrow latitudinal range of 11° N to 13.5°N, in Eastern Cambodia and Southern Vietnam (**Bett ecological niche**). They can be found living in different types of forest: broad-leafed evergreen, semievergreen, mixed, dipterocarp lowland(**Reference Bett and *Hoang Minh*).More specifically, those species of the Pygathrix genus are mostly found in the Annamite Range, a mountainous landscape in Eastern Indochina. Like all douc species, the black-shanked douc is an arboreal species that moves around quadrupedally and through braciation as locomotion (CITE Nadler et al. 2003). It is mostly found in the middle to upper forest canopy for most the time (Rawson 2009). The range of elevation of the terrain where they have been seen goes from sea level to 1500 meters. However, it is important to note that most the forest at lower elevation have been torn down over the years. Therefore, most sightings occur at higher elevations (CITE Bett).

Characteristics / Physical appearance
Like all species from the Pygathrix, the black-shanked douc is characterized by its colorations. The colors on its head and neck are what differenciates the black-shanked douc from other species of the Pygathrix genus. Their most unique characteristic is their bluish face with large yellow eye-rings. It also has thin and short whiskers. The outline of its face has a thin chestnut coloration before the back of its head which is black. The region around its throat is white. Its back is dark grey. Its belly is light grey. Their rest of their body is black, which includes legs and arms, excluding the pubic patch area which is white, their scrotum is blue, and their penis is pink. While the majority of individuals have those standard colors, there has been color variations observed in few individuals, who were confirmed by genetic sampling to be black-shanked doucs (**Cite Nadler for color variation**). Amongst those observations, color variations occured for the forearms which were partially or completely white and the lower leg which was dark red (**Cite Nadler for color variation**.

Like all species from the Pygathrix, the black-shanked douc is characterized as having a tail as long as its body and head length. Few individuals were measured but the results for the male black-shanked douc had an average head and body length of 50 cm, an average tail length of 690 cm and an average weight of 5.3 kg. While the female black-shanked douc had an average head and body length of 56 cm and an average weight of 5.4 kg (CITE Nadler et al. 2003).

Behaviour (Replace section Sociality by this)
The black-shanked douc tends to live in groups. Group size can vary from 3 up to 35 individuals (CITE Nadler 2003 & Hoang 2010)). The reason for such variability in size has been associated with the quality of their habitat and the level of human disturbance. Groups that were observed in the wild were of multi-male, multi-female disposition, with a higher ratio of males, the bigger the group was. Their social hierarchy is therefore male dominant. A fission and fusion behaviour was observed in different groups of black-shanked groups. There is not extensive knowledge on this species' behaviour but it is hypothezised that the fission and fusion behaviour occurs depending on food availability.

Diet (section already exists but needs modifications)
Black-shanked doucs are mostly folivorous. Studies in Cambodia and Vietnam have shown their diet to consist primarily of leaves, from a wide diversity of plant species (**Reference Duc for diet article**). Studies showed they consume as many as 150 different plant species, which shows they do not have particular preferences in plants, they consume whichever is available. Fruits, flowers, and seeds were reported as the remaining portion of their diet at various proportions, according to food availability. Indeed, studies found that their diet changed from dry season to wet season. During the dry season, the consumption of leaves increased, with a smaller amounts of other food consumed like flowers and fruits. During wet season, the consumption of leaves had higher diversity of plant species and the consumption of fruits and flowers was higher. This can be explained by Studies showed that variation of food intake also varied throughout the day. Leaves are consumed consistently throughout the day, but fruits are consumed more before midday, a habit common in folivorous non-human primate species for a more efficient energy intake needed in the morning.

Conservation
In 2000, the black-shanked douc was assessed by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Endangered due to the rate of its population decline (Nadler 2003). In 2015, its status was updated as Critically Endangered due to a more alarming rapid rate of population decline (Cite Duc 2021). The main drivers of the population decline for black-shanked doucs has been habitat loss and fragmentation (Rawson). Other factors such as poaching and wildlife trade have been added as threatening conservation of this specie are not as detrimental as habitat loss(Rawson).

Habitat loss and habitat fragmentation in Vietnam has been intensive during the 20th century due to deforestation. Following the Vietnam War, an increase in agricultural demands caused further deforestation. Increasing demands from the timber industry and mining industry also spurred deforestation. In addition, urbanization of areas in Vietnam have caused great habitat loss and fragmentation to convert forests into urban areas (cite rawson). Illegal conversion of protected areas into agricultural land like banana farms is still occuring in Vietnam (bang).

Poaching, hunting and wildlife trade is the biggest threat to primates in Vietnam, as they are hunted and sold they can servea as food, medecine and pets (Cite Nadler 2003). Even though those practices are illegal, they are still an issue in Vietnam and Cambodia (cite bang). Conservation efforts have been made by establishing gun control laws, and prohibition of threatened species hunting and trade laws in Vietnam (cite nadler 2003).

Climate change has also raised concern about the conservation of the black-shanked douc as endemic species tend to be more at risk of extinction due to climate change (**Cite Van Tran*). Indeed, it has been modelled that black-shanked douc would be a vulnerable species with an increase of global average temperatures during the 21rst Century. Its spatial distribution currently does not cover a wide area and the species harbours a habitat that is currently getting more depleted and is at. Therefore,