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https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/sarcophagus-e1101550?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.brill-s-new-pauly&s.q=Sarcophagus#e1101560

Francis, Jane. "A Roman Battle Sarcophagus at Concordia University, Montreal." Phoenix 54, no. 3/4 (2000): 332-37. doi:10.2307/1089062.

Marvin, Miranda. "The Ludovisi Barbarians: The Grand Manner." ''Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. Supplementary Volumes'' 1 (2002): 205-23. doi:10.2307/4238452.

Kampen, Natalie Boymel. "Biographical Narration and Roman Funerary Art." American Journal of Archaeology 85, no. 1 (1981): 47-58. doi:10.2307/504965.

“Battle between Romans and Dacians, Relief from Ludovisi Sarcophagus, Roman Civilisation, 3rd Century.” 2014. Bridgeman Images: DeAgostini Library. https://search-ebscohost-com.avoserv2.library.fordham.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edscra&AN=edscra.15639735&site=eds-live.

Information about identification:

The figure is sometimes identified as the younger son of the emperor Decius, Hostilian, who reigned briefly in the year 251. Decius and his older son, Herennius, whom he had made his co-ruler, were killed in battle against a federation of Scythians under the command of the Gothic king Cniva. They were the first Roman emperors to die in battle at the hands of a foreign enemy. Despite the battle imagery, Hostilian himself died of plague. Hostilian was depicted on his coins with a cross on his forehead, much like the X-mark on the sarcophagus.

Another possible identification for the figure if Herennius, the older son of Decius. This is supported with evidence that he was killed in battle with the Goths.

Summary for Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus:

I added information about who the figures could have been. I also explained the context of the battle in the sarcophagus and gave information about the Goths. It was difficult to find reliable sources in English for the sarcophagus, so I used only a few sources. I also added more information in the description about the scene on the front, as well as the lid. There was not any information about the lid previously. Some of the information about the description was done by analyzing what I saw, but it is backed by sources about the Ludovisi Sarcophagus or similar sarcophagi.