User:Sarahhlizzz/sandbox

Material I want to add to Wikipedia vvv

Causes of gender disparities in mental disorders Insert > Adolescence: into ^^^ subtext.


 * bullying in schools
 * Coverage of a recent study of young adolescents in which peer rejection predicted increases in aggressive and rule breaking behavior.  (Janssens and others 2017, lifespan textbook).
 * Approximately three to ten percent of adolescents get bullied weekly or frequently (Riittakerttu kaltiala-heino,Matti Rimpelä,päivi rantanen and arja rimpelä, 2000).
 * Boys are known to be bullied more than girls are. (Riittakerttu kaltiala-heino, 2000).
 * Literature concerning mental health correlates of bullying and victimization is however, scarce, and comparable studies are hard to find. (Rittakerttu Kaltiala-heino 2000).
 * Bullying of other adolescents might rather be indicative the bully’s psychological problems than a result of exposure. (Riittakerttu kaltiala-heino, 2000).
 * Victims are known to be more as an introvert, lonely and blame themselves for difficulties which causes mental health to mess up. (Riittakerttu kaltiala-heino, 2000).
 * Traditionally, child and adolescent psychiatry has conceptualized mental disorders in minors as expressing either externalizing or internalizing emotional difficulties. (Riittakerttu kaltiala-heino, 2000).
 * Externalizing disorders are characterized by dysregulated behaviors whereas in internalizing disorders. a central feature is disordered mood or emotion. (Riittakerttu kaltiala-heino, 2000).
 * It is revealed that children who were bullied at 6 years old were more likely to have excess weight gain when they were 12 to 13 years old. (Susan & others, 2016) lifespan textbook. Material I want to add: vv

Gender differences following a traumatic event.....

Insert --> Eating Disorders into ^^^ subtopic.


 * females vs. males
 * (Becker, 1995), found that many of the girls wanted to lose weight to be more socially or professionally successful— goals that they now believed were associated with a thin body (Becker, Burwell, Oilman, Herzog, &. Hamburg, 2002).
 * Boys and girls body images became more positive as they moved from the beginning to the end of adolescence.
 * Bryant- Waugh and Kaminski (1993) suggested that in addition to anorexia and bulimia nervosa, childhood eating disturbance might suggest the following conditions: (a) food avoidance emotional disorder, (b) food refusal, (c) selective eating, (d) pervasive refusal, or (e) appetite loss as a result of depression.
 * Individuals with anorexia nervosa often have problems with anxiety. (Netemeyer, Susan B., Williamson, Donald A. 2001)

Insert this with gender differences in mental healthvvv

Suicide and Adolescents:

Males use more lethal means, such as guns, in their suicide attempts, whereas adolescent females are more likely to cut their wrists or take an overdose of sleeping pills- methods that are less likely to result in death. (Goldberg, & Halpern, 2017).

Current stressful circumstances, such as getting poor grades in school or experiencing the breakup of a romantic relationship, also may trigger suicide attempts.(Goldberg, & Halpern, 2017).

Both early and late experiences are linked to suicide attempts, and these can involve family relationships. (Goldberg, & Halpern, 2017).

Suicide is the third leading cause of death in ten to nineteen year-olds- today in the United States. (center for Disease Control and Prevention ,2018)

Suicide behavior is rare in childhood but escalates during adolescence and then increases, further in emerging adulthood.(Park and others, 2006).

Females are more likely to attempt suicide than males, but males are more likely to succeed in committing suicide ( Ivey-Stephenson & others, 2017) Info I found that I am NOT adding to Wikipedia:vv

Mental development:

Mental operations differ greatly in different periods of life, owing to what we call the growth or development of capacity (Sully, 1886).

When speaking of the physical organism we distinguish growth and development. (Sully, 1886).

Mere growth of mind would thus be illustrated by an increase in the bulk of mental relations, that is, in the contents of the memory:development  by the ordering of these contents in their relations of difference and likeness, and so on (Sully, 1886.)

Source (5): Bryant-Waugh, R., & Kaminski, 2. (1993). Eating disorders in children: An over- view. In B. Lask & R. Bryant-Waugh (Eds.), Childhood-onset anorexia nervosa and related eating disorders (pp. 17-29). East Sussex, UK: Erlbaum.


 * Kaltiala-Heino, R., Rimpelä, M., Rantanen, P., & Rimpelä, A. (2002, May 25). Bullying at school-an indicator of adolescents at risk for mental disorders.  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140197100903518.


 * Kort-Butler, L. (2006). Boys act bad and girls get sad: How gender structures sex differences in adolescent well-being (Order No. 3269412). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global: Social Sciences. (305288279). Retrieved from https://manowar.tamucc.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/305288279?accountid=7084


 * Boysen, G. gaboysen@mckendree. ed., Ebersole, A., Casner, R., & Coston, N. (2014). Gendered Mental Disorders: Masculine and Feminine Stereotypes About Mental Disorders and Their Relation to Stigma. Journal of Social Psychology, 154(6), 546–565. https://doi-org.manowar.tamucc.edu/10.1080/00224545.2014.953028
 * Santrock, John W. and others (2019). Essentials of  life-span development. New York, NY: Mcgraw-Hill Education ISBN-13: 978-1260529890. ISBN-10: 1260529894.

Annotated Bibliography

Boysen, Guy1, gaboysen@mckendree.edu, Ashley1 Ebersole, Robert1 Casner and Nykhala1 Coston. 2014. "Gendered Mental Disorders: Masculine and Feminine Stereotypes about Mental Disorders and their Relation to Stigma." Journal of Social Psychology 154(6):546-565

- This article talks about how there are differences in both masculine and feminine factors of mental health. Mental disorders have ways of relating to the stigma in our society. Wikipedia is missing the feminine and masculine factors of mental health. There isn’t any experiments or surveys conveying how there are gender differences with mental health. Boysen mentions that race and gender make an impact on mental health. This is something that I haven’t seen in my other articles. What I thought was interesting was that Boysen mentions that there are traditional sex roles involving mental health. I was confused on how this can be a factor because in society today we don’t use traditional sex roles anymore. There is a balanced line between women and men wanting to both work and be stay at home parents. Social Psychology is also used to determine facts and evidence in this research article.

Fitch, Chivon H., Jessica L. Burke and Will Kalkhoff. 2019. "Gender Differences in Reactions to Mental Illness Labeling: The Role of Agency and Communion."

-- There are gender differences in mental health such as depression. College students were used in this study to see whether males or females were classified as depressed or not. From reading the abstract, there is no such things as gender differences in mental health. I believe that this is false because there are gender differences in mental health such as women being diagnosed with having depression and boys having anxiety. Researchers use the labeling theory to help label men and women with mental health. Researchers used people to complete their surveys asking if they were depressed or not depressed. This research is done best by college students because mental health is critical when you are entering adulthood. This article has more of negative information that doesn’t pertain to gender differences. Gender Socialization is an important part of exploring this. This article can be used as a counter argument on other subjects that are about the differences of mental health in different genders.

Kort-Butler, Lisa A. 2006. "Boys Act Bad and Girls Get Sad: How Gender Structures Sex Differences in Adolescent Well-Being." Ph.D. dissertation, North Carolina State University, United States -- North Carolina

This article is the best resource for my project because I want to explore mental health in young adolescence of females and males. It conveys the stereotypes of how girls are more depressed while boys tend to be more aggressive. It helps to explain that studying the adolescent is the best time to do this type of research. This article proves my point that girls are known to have depression while boys are anti-social and anxiety. This article agrees that there are sex differences when it comes to mental health. The previous article I just cited mentioned that they disagree with this statement. This article that I am using has the most condensed and useful information to help with my Wikipedia article. This has a difference of using both sociology and psychology. The paradigm ale and role theory are used in their research. Overall this source is the most interesting to me.

Lengua, Liliana J., and Elizabeth A. Stormshak. 2000. "Gender, Gender Roles, and Personality: Gender Differences in the Prediction of Coping and Psychological Symptoms." Sex Roles 43(11/12):787-820

Gender roles and personality affect females and males differently. There different types of ways of coping and psychological symptoms that indicate why females and males act because of their personality or psychologically. Coping is well known to be an important factor of adaptation this research. Girls are well known to be social support and emotion-focused while boys tend to go towards drugs and alcohol. Also, boys are known to be problem focused. Gender socialization is also included in this research project and in other ones as well. Femininity and masculinity are also other indicators that are also in my other research articles. Gender role orientation reflects an individual towards dominance, orientation, or empathy. Achievement Orientation will also help in this research. This article also my second-best article because it has useful and detailed research This article is quite unique because it talks about the personalities of both males and females in mental health.