User:Sasata/Sandbox/Polyporus

Polyporus is a genus of wood-decay fungi and the type genus of the family Polyporaceae. Species in this cosmopolitan genus have fruiting bodies with stipes that are black at the base, and have pores as the spore-bearing structures, rather than gills. Although most species are found on dead wood, some, like P. admirabilis, P. coronadensis, and P. squamous, can cause heart rot in living trees.

Description
Species in this genus have fruiting bodies with a cap and a stalk. Fruiting bodies are fleshy or tough when fresh, and hard or fragile when dry. The upper cap surface may be smooth or scaly, mostly yellowish-brown or brown, with the lower pore surface being white or cream. The pores are round or angular, and the tubes are often decurrent in attachment, running down the length of the stipe. Spores are hyaline, smooth, and thin-walled. These species usually grow on wood, which may be buried in soil. Microscopically, P. alveolaris is also characterized by the dimitic hyphal system with arboriform skeletal-binding hyphae.

Habitat and distribution
"Polyporus species typically grow on the dead wood of various tree genera, but several species are found on other substrates. For example, Polyporus cryptopus and P. rhizophilus are restricted to grass roots, while P. phyllostachydis is restricted to bamboo roots (Ryvarden and Gilbertson 1994, Núñez and Ryvarden 1995, Sotome et al 2007). Polyporus squamosus frequently grows on living hardwood trees and cause stem rot (Schwarze et al 2000)." The distrbution of this genera is almost cosmopolitan, with the exception of areas without trees, like the Arctic andAntartctic.

Taxonomy
"The name Polyporus was used first by Micheli (1729) for a group with 14 polypores, but it was Adanson (1763) who validly published Polyporus because Micheli’s publication predated the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) and has no nomenclatural status (McNeill et al 2006). Fries (1821) accommodated most of the polypores with stipitate, pileate or resupinate basidiocarps into genus Polyporus. Because Fries’ concept was viewed as being too broad the generic concept was emended by subsequent authors such as Karsten (1881), Patouillard (1887) and Murrill (1904). Donk (1933) chose Polyporus tuberaster ( Jacq.) Fr. to serve as lectotype forPolyporus because this species was identifiable from Micheli’s PL. 71, FIG. 1 and common to Micheli’s and Fries’ sense of Polyporus (Donk 1960, Krüger and Gargas 2004). Donk’s selection of P. tuberaster was followed by most of the subsequent authors (Cunningham 1965, Singer 1986, Ryvarden 1991, Núñez and Ryvarden 1995, Silveria and Wright 2005), but this lectotypification has been disputed by Krüger and Gargas (2004)."

The most recent monograph by Núñez and Ryvarden (1995) accepted 32 species within Polyporus, arranging them into six infrageneric groups: Dendropolyporus,Polysporus sensu stricto (=Squamosus), Polyporellus, Melanopus, Admirabilis, and Favolus.

Phylogeny
A recent study investigated the phylogenetic relationships of Polyporus and related genera, and concluded that Polyporus, as it is currently circumscribed, ispolyphyletic, and that six natural clades may be recognized.

Species list

 * P. admirabilis


 * P. albostipes Ryvarden & Iturr. (2003)


 * This species, known only from Venezuela, is characterized by fruiting bodies that are clustered together, and have stalks that connect to the fruiting body laterally. The cap surface and the stalk are white, while the pore surface is ochreaceous. Spores are cylindrical, hyaline, thin-walled and smooth, with dimensions of 6–7 &times; 2–2.2 µm.


 * P. alveolaris


 * P. aurantibrunneus


 * P. badius
 * P. biskeletalis


 * P. brumalis


 * P. ciliatus


 * P. coronadensis
 * P. cryptopus Ellis & Barthol. (1896)
 * This species has been found in the Great Plains region in central North America, usually growing on the ground in sandy pastures or prairie.


 * P. dictyopus


 * P. elegans
 * P. grammocephalus Berk.


 * P. leptocephalus


 * P. licmophorus


 * P. lowei,


 * P. melanopus


 * P. mongolicus


 * P. pervadens,


 * P. philippinensis
 * P. phyllostachydis Sotome, T. Hatt. & Kakish.


 * This species, known from Japan, grows on the ground on the living or dead roots of bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla).


 * P. obovatus


 * P. radicatus
 * P. rhizophilus (Pat.) Sacc. (1895)


 * This species grows on steppe grasses such as Stipa, or more rarely on Agropyron, Rudbeckia, Elymus or Cynodon.


 * P. sacer


 * P. septosporus


 * P. squamosus Huds.:Fr.
 * P. subpurpurascens
 * P. teniculus


 * P. trametoides


 * P. tubaeformis


 * P. tuberaster


 * P. underwoodii


 * P. varius