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CP1030 Define and Chapter 1

Internet – is a worldwide collection of networks.

Networks – I a collection of computers and devices connected together, often wirelessly, via communications devices and transmission media

Computer – is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory that can accept data, process the data according to specified rules, produce results and store the results for future use.

Data - is a collection of unprocessed items which can include txt, numbers, images, audio and video.

Information - conveys meaning and is useful to people

A computer contains many electric, electronic and mechanical components known as hardware Software, also called a program, tells the computer what tasks to perform and how to perform them. There are two type of software System software and application software. Categories of computers A personal computer can perform all of its input processing, output, and storage activities by itself and there are two popular architectures are the PC and the Apple- Desktop computer. A server controls access to the hardware, software, and other resources on a network and provides a centralised storage area for programs, data and information. A Mainframe – is a large, expensive, powerful computer that can handle hundreds or thousands of connected users simultaneously Supercomputer - is the fastest, most powerful computer and or capable of processing more than one quadrillion instructions in a single second. An embedded computer - is a special-purpose computer that functions as a component in a larger product. Elements of an Information system – Hardware, software, Data, People, Procedures. Summary •	Basic computer concepts •	Components of a computer •	Networks, the internet, and computer software •	Many different categories of computers, computer users, and computer application in society
 * Green computing – involves reducing the electricity consumed and environmental waste generated when using a computer.

Chapter 2 Internet – Also called the Net, is a worldwide collection of networks. Evolution of the internet- The internet originated as ARPANET in September 1969 and had two main goals: Allow scientist at different physical location to share information and work together. Access provider – is a business that provides individuals and organisation access to the internet free or for a fee. An IP address – is a number that uniquely identifies each computer or device connected to the internet. Domain name – is the text version of an IP address – Top-level domain (TLD) Domain name system (DNS) – is the method that the internet uses to store domain names and their corresponding IP addresses. Fiber to the Premises (FTTP) Fixed wireless - provides high-speed internet connections using a dish-shape antenna on your house or business to communicate with a tower location via radio signals. Cellular radio network - offers high-speed internet connections to devices with built-in compatible technology or computers with wireless modems Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity) networks uses radio signals to provide high-speed internet connections to compatible or properly equipped wireless computers and devices Satellite internet service – provides high-speed internet connections via satellite to a satellite dish that communicates with a satellite modem Internet Corporation for “Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) A DNS server – is an Internet server that usually is associated with an Internet access provider. Web – consists of a worldwide collection of electronic documents. Each electronic document on the web is called a Web page. Web site – is a collection of related web pages and associated items, such as documents and pictures, stored on a Web server. A web server – is a computer that delivers requested web pages to your computer. Web 2.0 – refer to Web site that provide a means for users to share personal information (such as social networking web sites. Web browser - is application software that allows users to access and view web pages or access web 2.0 programs. URL (Uniform Resource Locator) or Web address Tabbed browsing – Where the top to the browser displays a tab (similar to a file folder tab) Search engine – is a program that finds web sites, web pages, images, videos, news, maps, and other information related to a specific topic. Subject directory – Classifies web pages in an organized set of categories, such as sports or shopping and related subcategories.  Portal – is a Web site that offers a variety of internet services from a single, convenient location. Online community – is a Web site that joins a specific group of people with similar interests or relationships. A wireless portal - is a portal designed for internet-enabled mobile devices. Blog – Short for weblog is an informal web site consisting of time-stamped articles, or posts, in a diary or journal format, usually listed in reverse chronological order. Wiki – is a collaborative web site that allows users to create, add to, modify, or delete the web site content via their web browser. Content Aggregator – is a business that gather and organizes web content and then distributes, or feeds the content to subscribers for free or a fee. Really Simple Syndication (RSS 2.0) – is a specification that some content aggregators use to distribute content to subscribers. WebSlices – enable content aggregators to mark section of their web pages as feeds to which users can subscribe. Multimedia – refers to any application that combines text with graphics, animation, audio, video or virtual reality. Web publishing – is the development and maintenance of web pages. VoIP (Voice over IP or Internet protocol also called internet telephony enables users to speak to other users over the Internet. Newsgroup – is an online area in which users have written discussions about a particular subject. Streaming – is the process of transferring data in a continuous and even flow. Streaming audio allows users to access and use a file while it is transmitting. Podcast – Is recorded audio usually an MP3 file, stored on a web site that can be downloaded to a computer or a portable media player such as an iPod. Virtual Reality (VR) – Is the use of computers to simulate a real or imagined environment that appears as a three-dimensional space. Plug-in – Is a program that extents the capability of a browser. E-mail – Is the transmission of messages and files via a computer network. E-mail address – Is a combination of a user name and a domain name that identifies a user so that he or she can receive Internet e-mail. User name – Is a unique combination of characters, such as letters of the alphabet and /or number that identifies a specific user. (SMTP) – Simple mail transfer protocol – is a communication protocol used by some outgoing mail servers. POP3 the latest version of POP (post Office Protocol is a communications protocol used by some incoming mail servers. Instant messaging (IM) – Is a real-time Internet communications service that notifies you when one or more people are online and then allows you to exchange messages or files or join a private chat room with them. AIM (AoL Instant Messenger) Chat – Is a real-time typed conversation that takes place on a computer. Chat room – is a location on an Internet server that permits users to chat with each other. Thread or threaded discussion – Consists of the original article and all subsequent related replies. News server – is a computer that stores and distributes news-groups messages. Newsreader. Is a program allowing users to participate in newsgroups? Summary •	History and structure of the internet •	World Wide Web •	Browsing, navigating, searching, web publishing, and e-commerce •	Other internet services: e-mail, instant messaging, chat rooms, VoIP, newsgroups and message boras, and FTP •	Rules of netiquette Chapter 3 Application Software – Consists of programs designed to make users more productive and /or assist them with personal tasks. Packaged software – is Mass-produced copyrighted retail software that meets the needs of a wide variety of users, not just a single user or company. Custom software – performs function specific to a business or industry. Web application – is a web site that allows users to access and interact with software from any computer or device that is connected to the internet. Open source software – Is software provided for use, modification, and redistribution. Shareware – Is copyrighted software that is distributed at no cost for a trial period. Freeware – Is copyrighted software provided at no con by an individual or a company that retain all rights to the software. Public-domain software – has been donated for public use and has no copyright restrictions. Anyone can copy or distribute public-domain software to others at no cost. System software – serves as the interface between the user, the application software, and the computer’s hardware. Product activation – Is a technique that some software manufactures use to ensure the software in not installed on more computer than legally licensed. Utility program – Is a type of system software that assists users with controlling or maintaining the operation of a computer, its devices, or its software. Malware – is a program that acts with-out the knowledge and deliberately alters the compute’s operations. A computer virus is a type of malicious software. Desktop – Is an on-screen work area that has a graphical user interface. Button – Is a graphical element that you activate to cause a specific action to occur. Pointer – Is a small symbol displayed on the screen that moves as you interact with the mouse or other pointing device. P144 Menu - contains a list of commands from which you make selections. Command – is an instruction that causes a program to perform a specific action. Window – Is a rectangular area of the screen that displays data and information. Title bar – which is a horizontal space that contains the windows name. File – Is a name collection of stored data, instructions, or information. File name – I a unique combination of letters of the alphabet, numbers and other characters that identifies a file. Dialog box – Is a window that provides information, presents available options, or requests a response. Business software – Is application software that assists people in becoming more effective and efficient while performing their daily business activities. Word processing software – sometimes called a word processor, allows users to create and manipulate documents containing mostly text and sometimes graphics. Clip art – Is a collection of electronic drawings, photos, and other images. Margins – is the portion of the page outside the main body of text, including the top, the bottom and both sides of the paper. Wordwrap – allows users to type words in a paragraph continually without pressing the ENTER key at the end of each line. Scrolling – is the process of moving different portions of the document on the screen into view. Spread sheet software – allows users to organize data into rows and columns and perform calculations of the data. P150 Function – Is a predefined formula that performs common calculations such as adding the values in a group of cells. Charting – which depicts the data in graphical form. Database – is a collection of data organized in a manner that allows access, retrieval and use of that data – Database software allows users to create, access, and manage a database. Presentation software – allows users to create visual aids for presentations to communicate ideas, messages, and together information to ta group. Query – Is a request for specific data from the database e.g. a query might request clients whose balance is greater than $45 Data base software can take the results of a query and present it in a window on the screen or send it to the printer. Note taking software – is application software that enables user to enter typed text, hand written comments, drawing, or sketches any-where on the page and then save the page as part of a notebook. Software suite – Is a collection of individual programs available together as a unit. Personal information manager (PIM) – Is application software that includes an appointment calendar, address book, notepad, and other features to help users organise personal information. Project Management software – allows a user to plan, schedule, track and analyse the events, resources and costs of a project. Accounting software – Helps companies record and report their financial transactions Document management software – Provides a means for sharing, distributing and searching through documents by converting them into a format that can be viewed b and user. Enterprise software – Enterprises typically require special computing solutions for various functional units: •	Human resources •	Accounting •	Engineering •	Manufacturing •	Marketing •	Sales •	Distribution •	Customer service •	Information technology

Portable Document Format (PDF) Computer-aided design (CAD) software – Is a sophisticated type of application software that assists a professional user in creating engineering, architectural and scientific designs. Desktop publishing (DTP) – enables professional designers to create sophisticated document that contain text, graphics and many colours. Page layout – Is the process of arranging text and graphics in a document on a page-by page basis. Colour library – Is a standard set of colours used by designers and printers to ensure that colours will print exactly as specifies. Paint software, also called Illustration software – allows users to draw pictures, shapes and other graphical images with various on-screen tools such as a pen, brush, eyedropper and paint bucket. Image editing software – Provides the capabilities of paint software and also includes the capability to enhance and modify existing images and pictures. Image stitching – which is the process of combining multiple images into a larger image. Professional photo editing software – Is a type o image editing software that allows photographers, videographers, engineers, scientists and other high volume digital photo users to edit and customise digital photos. Video editing software – allows professional to modify a segment of a video, called a clip. E.g. users can reduce the length of a video clip, reorder a series of clips, or add special effects such as words that move horizontally actors the screen. Multimedia authoring software – allows users to combine text, graphics, audio, video and animation in an interactive application. Web page authoring software – helps users of all skill levels create web pages that include graphical images, video, audio, animation and other special effect with interactive content. Personal finance software – Is a simplified accounting program that helps home users and small office/home office users balance their check books, pay bills, track personal income and expenses, set up budges, manage home inventory, track investments and evaluate financial plans. Legal software – assists in the preparation of legal documents and provides legal information to individuals, families and small businesses Tax preparation software – which is available both as packaged software and as web application, can guide individuals, families, or small businesses through the process of filing federal taxes. Web app – is a web site that allows users to access and interact with software from any computer or device that is connected to the internet. Online help – is the electronic equivalent of a user manual. CBT (Computer based training) Web-based training (WBT) - is a type of CBT that uses internet technology and consists of application software on the web. Distance learning (DL) – Is the delivery of education at one location while the learning takes place at other locations. Summary •	How to start and interact with application software •	Overview of a variety of business software, graphics and multimedia software, and home/personal/educational software •	Web application and application software for communications •	Learning tools for application software and web-based training Chapter 4 System unit – Is a case that contains electronic components of the computer used to process data. Motherboard – Sometimes called a system bard, is the main circuit board of the system unit. Computer Chip – Is a small piece of semi-conducting material, usually silicon, on which integrated circuits are etched. An integrated circuit contains many microscopic pathways capable of carrying electrical current. A transistor for e.g. can act as an electronic switch that opens or closes the circuit for electrical charges. Processor – also called the central processing unit (CPU) interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer. The processor significantly impact overall computing power and manage most of a computer’s operations. Multi-core processor – is a single chip with two or more separate processor cores. Dual-core processor is a chip that contains two separate processor cores. And Quad-core processor is a chip with four separate processor cores. Control unit – Is the component of the processor that directs and coordinates most of the operation in the computer and has a role much like a traffic cop. Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) – A component of the processor, performs arithmetic, comparison and other operational. Arithmetic operations - include basic calculation such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Comparison operations – involve comparing one data item with another to determine whether the first item is greater than, equal to or less than the other item. A processor contains small, high-speed storage locations, called registers that temporarily hold data and instructions. Registers are part of the processor not part of memory or a permanent storage device. The processor relies on a small quartz crystal circuit called the system clock to control the timing of all computer operations. The pace of the system clock, called the clock speed, is measured by the number of ticks per second. vPro technology - which provides the capability to track computer hardware and software, diagnose and resolve computer problems, and secure computers form outside threats. System-on-a-chip – is a processor that integrates the function of a processor, memory, and a video card on a single chip. Parallel processing – is a method that uses multiple processors simultaneously to execute a single program or task. Massively parallel processing – is large scale parallel processing that involves hundreds or thousands of processors. RAM (Random access memory, also called Main memory, - Consists of memory chips that can be read from and written to by the processor and other devices. Dynamic RAM – (DRAM) Chips must be re-energized constantly or they lose their contents. Static RAM (SRAM) – Chips are faster and more reliable than any variation of DRAM chips. These chips do not have to be re-energised as often as DRAM. Magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM) stores data using magnetic charges instead of electrical charges. DIMM (Dual inline memory module) Advanced transfer cache (ATC) ROM (Read-only memory) – Refers to memory chips storing permanent data and instructions. “The data on most ROM chips cannot be modifies. Programmable read-only memory (PROM) chip on a blank ROM Chip on which a programmer can write permanently. Programmer use Microcode instructions to program a PROM chip. Flash memory – Is a type of non-volatile memory that can be erased electronically and rewritten, similar to EEPROM. Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) – it provides high speed and consumes little power. It uses battery power to retain information even when the power to the computer is off. Access time – is the amount of time it takes the processor to read data, instructions and information form memory. Expansion slot - is a socket on the motherboard that can hold an adapter card Adapter card, sometimes called an expansion card, - is a circuit board that enhances functions of a component of the system unit and /or provides connections to peripherals. Peripheral - is a device that connects to the system unit and is controlled by the processor in the commuter. Hot plugging – allows you to insert and remove the removable flash memory and other devices while the computer is running. Port – is the point at which a peripheral attaches to or communicates with a system unit so that the peripheral can send data to or receive information from the computer. Gender changer – is a device that enables you to join a port and a connector that are both female and both male. Universal serial bus port (USB) FireWire – Previously called an IEEE 1394 port is similar to a USB port in that it can connect multiple types of devices that require faster data transmission speeds such as digital video cameras, This can connect up to 63 devices together. Firwire hub – is a device that plugs in a firewire port on the system unit and contains multiple firewire ports in which you plug cables from firewire devices. SCSI (Small computer system interface) ports – Allow you to attach SCSI peripherals such as disk drives and printers. SAS I a newer type of SCSI that transmits at much faster speeds than parallel SCSI eSATA port or external SATA port – allows you to connect an external SATA (serial Advance Technology Attachment) hard disk to a computer. IrDA Port – devices can transmit data via infrared light waves. Serial port – is a type of interface that connects a device to the system unit by transmitting data one bit at a time. Port replicator – is an external device that provides connections to peripherals through ports built into the device. Chapter 5 Input - is any data and instructions entered into the memory of a computer. Program – is a series of related instructions that tells a computer what tasks to perform and how to perform them. Command – is an instruction that causes a program to perform a specific action. User response – is an instruction a user issues by replying to a question displayed by a program. Input device – is any hardware component that allows users to enter data and instructions (Programs, commands, and user responses) into a computer. Stylus – is a small metal or plastic device that looks like a tiny ink pen but uses pressure instead of ink. Resolution – is the number of horizontal and vertical pixels in a display device. Pixel short for picture element) is the smallest element in an electronic image. Character recognition (OCR – is a technology that involves reading typewritten, computer printed, or hand-printed characters from ordinary documents and translating the images into a form that the computer can process. Turnaround document – is a document that you return to the company that creates and sends it Optical mark recognition (OMR) – is a technology that reads hand-drawn marks such as small circles or rectangles. RFID (radio frequency identification) - is a technology that uses radio signals to communicate with a tag placed in or attached to an object, an animal, or a person. Magnetic stripe card reader – often called a magstrip reader, reads the magnetic stripe on the back of credit cards, entertainment cards, bank cards, and other similar cards. Magnetic-ink character recognition (MICR) – are devices read text printed with magnetised link An MICR reader converts MICR characters into a form the computer can process. Data collection device - obtains data directly at the location where the transaction or event takes place. Biometrics – is the technology of authenticating a persona’s identify by verifying a persona characteristic. Biometric identifier – is a physiological or behavioural characteristic e.g. fingerprints, have geometry, facial features, voice, signatures, and eye patterns. Biometric device translates a personal characteristic (input) into a digital code that is compared with a digital code stored in the computer. Fingerprint reader, or scanner - captures curves and indentation of a fingerprint Face recognition system – Captures a live face image and compares it with a stored image to determine if the person is a legitimate user. Voice verification system – compares a person’s live speech with their stored vive pattern. Signature verification system – Recognises the shape of your handwritten signature, as well as measures the pressure exerted and the motion used to write the signature. Terminal – is a computer, usually with limited processing power, that enables users to send data to and/or receive information from ta host computer. Chapter Six Output Output – is data that has been processed into a useful form. That is, computers process data (input) into information (output). Output device - is any type of hardware component that conveys information to one or more people. Display device – is an output device that visually conveys text, graphics, and video information. Monitor – is a display device that is packaged as a separate peripheral. Monochrome – means the information appears in one colour. LCD monitor – is a desktop monitor that uses a liquid crystal display to produce images. Organic LED (OLED) – uses organic molecules that prudence an even brighter, easier-to-read display than standard TFT displays Head-mounted display (HMD) – which is a display in a helmet, goggles, or glasses. Passive-matrix display – uses fewer transistors, requires less power, and is less expensive than an active-matrix display. Resolution – is the number of horizontal and vertical pixels in a display device. LEDs are geared for a specific resolution, called the native resolution. Response time of an LCE monitor or screen is the time in milliseconds that it takes to turn a pixel on or off. Brightness of an LCD monitor or LCE screen is measured in nits. A nit is a unit of visible light intensity equal to one candela per square meter. The candela is the standard unit of luminous intensity. Dot pitch, sometimes called Pixel pitch, - is the distance in millimetres between pixels on a display device Contrast ratio – describes the reference in light intensity between the brightest white and darkest black that can be displayed on an LCD monitor. Graphics processing unit (GPU) controls the manipulation and display of graphics on a display device. Aspect ratio – defines a display’s width relative to its height. The number of colours a graphics processing unit displays is determined by bet depth. The bit depth, also called colour depth, is the number of bets used to store information about each pixel Plasma monitor – is a display device that uses gas plasma technology, which sandwiches a layer of gar between two glass plates. CRT Monitor – is a desktop monitor that contains a cathode-ray tube Ink-jet printer – is a type of nonimpact printer that form characters and graphic by spraying tiny drops of liquid ink onto a piece of paper. Photo printer – is a colour printer that produces photo-lab quality pictures. PictBridge – is a standard technology that allows you to print photos directly from a digital camera by connecting a cable from the digital camera to a USB port on the printer Laser printer – is a high-speed quality nonimpact printer. Page description language (PDL), which tells the printer how to arrange the contents of a printed page. Operating in a manner similar to a copy machine, a laser printer creates images using a laser beam and powdered ink, called toner. Multifunction peripheral (MEP) - ,also called an all-in-one device, is a single device that looks a printer or a copy machine but provides the functionality of a printer, scanner, copy machine and perhaps a fax machine. Thermal printer – generates images by pushing electrically heated pins against heat-sensitive paper. Thermal wax-transfer printer generates rich, non-smearing images by using heat to melt coloured wax onto heat-sensitive paper. Dye-sublimation printer, sometimes called a digital photo printer, uses heat to transfer coloured dye to specially coated paper. Audio output device – is a component of a computer that produces music, and other sounds. Chapter 7 – Storage Storage holds data, instructions and information for future use. Storage medium also called secondary storage, - is the physical material on which a computer keeps data, instructions, and information. Capacity is the number of bytes (characters) a storage medium can hold. Storage device - is the computer hardware that records and/or retrieves items to and from storage media Hard disk – also called a hard disk drive or hard drive, - is a storage device that contains one or more inflexible, circular platers that use magnetic particles to store data, instruction, and information. Disk controller - consists of a special-purpose chip and electronic circuits that control the transfer of data, instructions, and information form a disk to and from the system bus and other components in the computer.

Chapter 11 A computer security risk – is any extent or action that could cause a loss of or damage to computer hardware software, data, information, or processing capability. A cybercrime – is an online or internet-based illegal act.

Crimeware software – software that is use by criminal to cause a computer security risk. An online security service is a Web site that evaluates your computer to check for internet and e-mail vulnerabilities. Computer Emergency Response Team Coordination Centre, (CERT/CC Virus – is a potentially damaging computer program that affects, or infects, a computer negatively by altering the way the computer works without the user’s knowledge or permission. A worm is a program that copies itself repeatedly and uses more resources. Trojan horse Rootkit Inoculate Botnet – Zombie Bot Zombie army Denial of service attack or DoS – is an assault whose purpose is to disrupt computer access to an Internet service such as the web or e-mails. Distributed DoS attack, in which a zombie army is used to attack computers or computer networks. Back doors – Spoofing E-mailing spoofing Firewall Proxy servers - is a server outside the organization’s network that controls which communications pass into the organization’s network. Personal firewall Intrusion detection software – automatically analyses all network traffic, assesses system vulnerabilities, identifies any unauthorized intrusions, and notifies network administrators. Honey pots Access control - is a security measure that defines who can access a computer when they can access it, and what actions they can take while accessing the computer. Possessed object – is any item that you must carry to gain access to a computer or computer facility Biometric Devices - Authenticates a person’s identity y translating a personal characteristic, such as a fingerprint, into a digital code that is compared with a digital code stored in the computer. Real time location system (RTLS) – to track and identity the location of high-risk or high-value items. Information theft – Encryption – is a process of converting readable data into unreadable characters to prevent unauthorized access. An encryption key is a set of characters that he originator of the data uses to encrypt the plaintext and the recipient of the data uses to decrypt the cipher text. Digital signature – is an encrypted code that a person, Web site, or organization attaches to an electronic message to reify the identity of the message sender. Hash – is a mathematical formula that generates a code from the contents of the message. Secure site – is a web site that uses encryption techniques to secure its data. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) – Digital certificates – Is a notice that guarantees a user or a web site is legitimate. Certificate Authority (CA) – is an authorized person or a company that issues and verifies digital certificates. Transport Layer Security (TLS) a successor to Secure Socks Layer (SSL) provides encryption of all data that passes between a client and an Internet server. S-HTTP – is more difficult to use than TLA, but it is more secure. VPN – virtual private networks – provides the mobile user with a secure connection to the private line. System failure – is the prolonged malfunction of a computer. Noise – is any unwanted signal, usually varying quickly, that is mixed with the m=normal voltage entering the computer.

Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) - is a device that contains surge protection circuits and one or more batteries that can provide power during a temporary or permanent loss of power. There are two types standby and online. Standby UPS, sometimes called an offline e UPS switches to battery power when a problem occurs in the power line. An online UPS always runs of the battery, which provides continues protection. Fault-tolerant computer – has duplicate components so that is can continue to operate when one of its main components fail. Back up Restore