User:Sattvasz/Chinese emigration to east of Shanhaiguan since 1651

From the year 1651 to 1949, about 30 million people poured into the vast land of Kanto, which is the main domain in Shandong Province. Pass through the Kanto, as a social practice has been widely accepted. The East Gate of Shanhaiguan City divided the customs and the Central Plains. From the Qing Dynasty to the birth of the Republic of China, the displaced people began to move through the Kanto. During 19th century, even though there were successive years of natural disasters in the lower Yellow River region, the Qing government still prohibited relations with the outside world. Bankrupt farmers ignored the ban, thousands of farmers broke the ban to move to the Northeast, this is how term "pass through the Kanto East” came from. The population in the Northeast in 1840 exceeded 300 million that increased more than seven or eight times than a hundred years ago, when the country had a population of over four hundred million. Later on, Russia invaded the Northeast. From 1912 to 1949, "Break the East” was even more popular that the surging flood of immigrants exceeded nearly 4,000 million (data from "China Population Geography,” Shan-Yu) . At the 38th year of Republic of China, Shandong, the number of people to pass through the East Gate was as many as an average of 48 million, a total of more than 18.3 million, and this immigration movement "can be regarded as population movements in human history, one of the largest, " as well as "Modern Large-scale unprecedented in the history.”Therefore, they were the ancestors of indigenous people in northeastern Shandong province - the Lower Yellow River region. Pass through the East Gate was the movement that worked against customs clearance and quarantine system, and the phenomenon that non-Han Chinese into Manchuria "Xing land" reclamation.

Chronology of historical emigrations
(1) from 1644 to 1667, " Liaodong Reclamation Ordinance " states that "the government is calling up hundreds men for reclamation, can be entitled as civil (county magistrate)or military (command of military subdistrict)officers” during the 23 years, migrants were largely made up with residents of shangdong province. Many of them relocated their family due to land privileges granted by government and the low risk of investment.

(2) From 1668 to 1860, the central government imposed a ban during Kangxi (1688) on the sale of the hereditary peerage for land reclamation and claimed to close the boarder to any further reclamations, aiming at protecting the local custom and culture of the cradle of Manchurian civilization, as well as for the maintaining of  the order of  feudal class ranks.

(3) From 1861 to 1911, the Qing government has been weakened after the Opium War in terms of border controls. The steady erosions on Heilongjiang borders launched by Russian forced the Qing government to adopt the recommendations of General tepu qin, and opened the border for agricultural reclamation officially during Xianfeng(1860).

Historical background
During the early establishment of Qing, the Qing rulers took an extremely brutal repression upon ethnic conflicts. The rebels were removed to the periphery land known as “smoke miasma" and those who violate the criminal law were sent off to, with the Northeast, which made the removal known as "vagabonds". However, Residents in Shandong province are idealized people who live contentedly in one place with little inclination to move elsewhere according Confucianism teaching.Population pressure, natural disasters, as well as the policy guidance of Qing government pass through the eastern Shandong constituted the external causes for emigration. The construction of Eastern Railway at the time demonstrates a clear image about the efforts provided by emigrates and the emigration taking advantages of the construction, as we read in “History of Northeast development” by Japanese scholar Inaba Kunzan:” Chinese coolie, such as the set of ants, while the supplying labor, took the opportunity to transfer out of central plain. “ The east of Shanhaiguan was historical site as the cradle of Mongolian nobles in power, and extended in use of agricultural reclamation and banishment. The collapsed Qing government was unable to stop the tidy of history, that during the two hundred years of Qing rule, a reunification among Mongolian and Han ethnics had emerged the "Mongolian independence" movement, and the concept of "Manchukuo" among those Manchu who did not adapt to the reunification.

Cultural background
In mid-nineteenth century, Shanhaiguan without well managed border administration as the city-gate left unlatched and stand open to crowds of refugees and vagabonds.Man is the best carrier for culture and information; the movement of people is actually the flow of regional cultures.Emigration wave stack up, which means the Central Plains culture advanced at a large-scale to the Kanto region and cultural exchange has entered a new stage. If the image for cultural exchange during isolated period was that the inherent Manchuria culture erosion by the banned  Central Plains culture with human interference, then under opening historical conditions, the rapid expansion of Central Plains culture in Kanto area would be distracting. "To vast majority of immigrants from Shandong, the Northeast is nothing more than the expansion of their ancestral home with enlarged subjects”. Shandong village, Hebei Village and many administrative villages or non-natural villages in Kanto "copy" are, in fact, the transplantation of Central Plains culture.

With the dominant in large population, immigrants have good reason to maintain their Qilu culture and custom. Living together, immigrants society consistent their language as the old customs, that they can avoided the risk to change themselves, literally, to adapt to local social customs, religious beliefs, the use of local languages, etc., and these factors can be concluded as cultural conservatism. In sociology sense, the Northeast is essentially the expansion of the agricultural society of North China, there is geographic distance between the two volume, but no obvious cultural differences between North and Northeast, in language, religion, customs, family systems, ethics and all aspects of economic behavior. Agricultural reclamation Immigrates have no distinctions in recognition of cultural nature.

Facing the huge impacts of Qilu culture, native Kanto culture cannot be without any resistance and fear of slightest guard, nor "Natives" contradiction, such as "A Brief Account of Heilongjiang" records: "The employment of the reclamation, are largely from the Zhili, Shandong Provinces. Every winter, merchants and pedestrians traveled frequently through the interstate boarder between feng and Ji, such as weaving, indigenous bitterly hated, creating disturbance and phases. “The cultural reaction and demonstration in Liaoning Yasuhiro County is another example, "Yasuhiro County native" records: "The establishment and county without the prior, Mongolia has not come to know farming. Ac-owned pastoral, a desert. heir to environmental cultivated species by the Han, the flag may be rented public interest. However, because different race, language barrier, not jia affective contact, Mongolia, the more bullying, till the early years of Guangxu administration(1904), played the shortage of prospective members survey, recruit households territory. off to the people caught on, Mongolia is also getting something out with farming. "