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Theater District, Manhattan
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"Theater District" redirects here. For other uses, see Theater District (disambiguation).

"Broadway Theater District" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Broadway Theater District (Los Angeles). New York City's Theater District (sometimes spelled Theatre District, and officially zoned as the "Theater Subdistrict" ) is an area in Midtown Manhattan where most Broadway theaters are located, as well as many other theaters, movie theaters, restaurants, hotels, and other places of entertainment. It extends from West 40th Street to West 54th Street, and from Sixth Avenue to Eighth Avenue, and includes Times Square. The Great White Way is the name given to the section of Broadway which runs through the Theater District.

It also contains recording studios, record label offices, theatrical agencies, television studios, restaurants, Duffy Square, Shubert Alley, the Brill Building, a Ripley's Believe It or Not! Odditorium, and Madame Tussauds of New York.

Origins and Early History
The Theater District first began attracting theaters and restaurants to the neighborhood after the Metropolitan Opera House moved to West 39th Street and Broadway in 1883.

Over the years since then, the district has been referred to by New Yorkers as "the Rialto," as "The Main Stem," and as "Broadway," and at the turn of the 20th century, was simply called "The Street.".

By the 1970s, the 42nd Street area in the district had become run-down and seedy &#x2013; with the opening of some X-rated movie houses, peep shows, and so-called grind houses there &#x2013; and was even considered a somewhat dangerous place to venture into by many New Yorkers. The entire area was later significantly revitalized by the city in the 1990s, with the closing of most of those businesses, and the opening of an array of new theatres, multiplex movie houses, restaurants, and tourist attractions.

Joe Papp's "Save the Theaters" Campaign
In the Spring of 1982, Joseph Papp, the Broadway theatrical producer, and director who had established The Public Theater, led a campaign called "Save the Theatres" in Manhattan. The primary initial goal of the "Save the Theatres" effort, which was sponsored by Papp's not-for-profit group and supported by the Actors Equity union, was to save several theater buildings in the Theatre District neighborhood from their impending demolition by monied Manhattan development interests. Papp provided financial resources, campaign buttons, posters, and newspaper ads for the effort; recruited a publicist and actors to promote the cause; and provided a various stage and street venues for public events in support of the campaign for saving the historic theatres.

At Papp's behest, in July 1982, U.S. Congressman Donald J. Mitchell of New York, and 13 co-sponsors, introduced a bill in the 97th Congress (1981–82), entitled "H.R.6885, A bill to designate the Broadway/Times Square Theatre District in the City of New York as a national historic site". The proposed legislation, which failed to be enacted, would have required the Federal Government to aid financially and otherwise in preserving the district and its historic theatre houses as an official National Historic Site.

The Save the Theatres campaign then turned their efforts toward supporting the establishment of the Theater District as a registered New York City historic district. In December 1983, Save the Theatres prepared "The Broadway Theater District, a Preservation Development and Management Plan," and demanded that each theater in the district receive landmark designation. Mayor Koch ultimately responded by creating a Theater Advisory Council, that included Papp as a member, and which eventually led to the area being officially zoned as the "Theater Subdistrict."

Theater Subdistrict Zoning
In January 2001, the New York Appellate Division, First Department in Fisher v. Giuliani 280 A.D.2d 13 (2001) 720 N.Y.S.2d 50, partially upheld the 1998 expansion of the Theater Subdistrict zoning regulations, which added receiving sites along Eighth Avenue where development rights from the landmarked Broadway Theaters could be sold. Community and civic organizations opposed the expansion of the district as it would impinge the nearby Clinton/Hell's Kitchen residential neighborhood. The court objection, filed in 1999, did not challenge the pre-existing Theater Subdistrict itself or the original development rights zoning legislation.

New York City also created the "Theater Subdistrict Council," LDC (“TSC”), a not-for-profit corporation, under the 1998 zoning regulation. The TSC administers the Theater Subdistrict Fund and allocates grants.

The New York City Zoning Resolution for special purpose districts, as amended on April 30, 2012, contains special regulations for the Theater Subdistrict, including the transfer of development rights, incentives for the rehabilitation of existing theaters, the creation of a theater council to promote theaters, and zoning and signage for theaters, and contains a list of theaters that qualify for special provisions in the regulations.

Disney and Their Impact on the Manhattan Theaters
The revitalization of the theater district began in a small way when the board of the Shubert Organization ousted its chairman, Lawrence Shubert Lawrence. The Shubert Organization owned many theaters in the district and Lawrence was ruining them. The board took over and eventually financed a play called “A Chorus Line”. It was a blockbuster hit and made Shubert enough money to renovate its theaters and promote new plays including “Cats”, which ran for 18 years. The creators of Cats, Andrew Lloyd Weber and Cameron Mackintosh produced many other huge blockbusters which traveled the world and did not rely solely on New York audiences for their revenue.

Broadway was still an afterthought for many producers and creators until Disney became involved. Disney engaged Alan Menken to write the “The Little Mermaid” which lured families to the theater district. It was followed by “Beauty and the Beast” in 1994 which ran for 13 years and was patterned after the 1991 movie of the same name. Of course, the success of this type of family entertainment would have been impossible without the hard work of the City of New York which cut down on crime in the area, drove out the sex industry, lowered taxes for many businesses and refurbished the Times Square subway system.

As Beauty and the Beast was breaking box office records, Rudy Giuliani made closing peep shows and ending the panhandling in the Theater District high priority. He also courted Disney and convinced them to renovate the New Amsterdam Theater for its production of a new musical called "The Lion King” which was staged by Julie Traymor. The show, which featured gigantic Indonesian-inspired puppets and authentic African music, was a smash, winning the Tony for Best Musical in 1997.

Not only was the production of The Lion King a monumental undertaking, the deal to renovate the theater itself was the subject of long and arduous negotiations. It was not until the governor of New York, Mario Cuomo, promised to make state loan funds available for capital improvements at other theaters that the deal was finalized. Disney understanding that there was other competition, their success relied on the success of other theaters. Many Broadway theaters were old and expensive to maintain, and rising production costs squeezed the theater industry. Disney invested more than $8 million in rebuilding the theater, and the New York Urban Development Corporation contributed a $21-million low-interest loan. The project made Disney the central player in revitalizing the theater district. The New Amsterdam's 42nd Street block previously consisted of boarded-up theaters, arcades and cheap retail stores.

The Disney impact on the Theater District was immense. Although it had government support, Disney and other corporations such as Viacom and AMC did what the government alone could not do. In 1984 the Urban Development Corporation developed a huge redevelopment plan for the area. It proposed tall office towers and a merchandise mart. The plan outlined mechanisms for the giving tax incentives to developers, but when the real estate market collapsed in 1987 and a recession took place, there was no interest in such development. It was up to the market and the theaters and entertainment, in general, to give life to the area. Disney’s presence in Times Square attracted other brand-name corporations, which opened stores, offices, entertainment complexes and restaurants along 42nd Street and in the Theater District.

Theaters with in the Manhattan Theater District
Manhattan is home to a large amount of Broadway theaters. Some of the notable theater are (but not limited too) are as followed: Imperial Theatre, Booth Theater, Majestic Theatre, Longacre Theatre, New Amsterdam Theatre, Shubert Theatre, Palace Theatre, Winter Garden Theatre, Eugene O'Neill Theatre, August Wilson Theatre, St. James Theatre, Circle in the Square Theatre, Brooks Atkinson Theatre, Walter Kerr Theatre, Lunt-Fontanne Theatre, Richard Rodgers Theatre, Nederlander Theatre, Gershwin Theatre, Radio City Music Hall.

Other Nearby Theater Areas
The area known as Theatre Row is an area on 42nd Street from Ninth Avenue to Eleventh Avenue, which includes many Off-Broadway and Off-Off-Broadway theaters. Some Off-Broadway theater are (but not limited too) are as followed: The Public Theater, Cherry Lane Theatre, Astor Place Theatre, Lucille Lortel Theatre, Westside Theatre

Boundaries
The City of New York defines the subdistrict for zoning purposes to extend from 40th Street to 57th Street and from Sixth Avenue to Eighth Avenue, with an additional area west of Eighth Avenue from 42nd Street to 45th Street. The Times Square Alliance, a Business Improvement District organization dedicated to improving the Theater District, defines the district as an irregularly shaped area within the bounding box of 40th Street, 6th Ave, 53rd Street, and 9th Ave.