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Vaccines-Through the ages
Variolation was one of the first forms of vaccination against smallpox. Variolation developed in the 10th century, is a technique in which dried smallpox scabs are blow into the nose of an individual or placed in an area of punctured skin. This method was replaced in 1798 with Jenner’s cowpox vaccine. Jenner saw that those who had been sick with cow pox did not come down with smallpox. Liquid from sores of someone with cow pox is taken and poured into small puncture wounds on the arms. This form of vaccination had a higher survival rate than variolation.

In the mid twentieth century the way to immunize patients was radically altered. Instead of taking the disease from the arm of one patient and infecting another scientist learned to create vaccines. Within the same 5 years three different scientists had polio vaccines. Salk’s was an inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), where Sabin, Cox, and Koprowski’s were all oral live-attenuated polio vaccines (OPV). IPV has been found to not give the life time immunity that was originally thought. OPV because it has the live attenuated virus in it is known to mutate, creating rare cases of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) in those that have been vaccinated; it also has a highly evolved vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV). IPV and OPV were both made possible by the new ability to subculture cells as a growth medium for the viruses . The first human immortal cell line used in research was HeLa. HeLa and Vero cells were used to grow the polio virus . Vero cells are cultures of isolated kidney epithelial cells extracted from the African green monkey.