User:Sdohrn/sandbox/GHI2013

The Global Hunger Index (GHI) is a multidimensional statistical tool used to describe the state of countries’ hunger situation. The GHI measures progress and failures in the global fight against hunger. The GHI is updated once a year.

The Index was adopted and further developed by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), and was first published in 2006 with the Welthungerhilfe, a German non-profit organization (NGO). Since 2007, the Irish NGO Concern Worldwide joined the group as co-publisher.

The 2013 GHI was calculated for 120 developing countries and countries in transition, 56 of which with a serious or worse hunger situation.

In addition to the ranking, the Global Hunger Index report every year focuses on a main topic: in 2013 the thematic focus was on the strengthening of resilience at the community level against under- and malnutrition.

Topics of previous years included:
 * Early childhood undernutrition among children younger than the age of two (2010).
 * Rising and more volatile food prices of the recent years and the effects these changes have on hunger and malnutrition in 2011.
 * In 2012: Achieving food security and sustainable use of natural resources, when the natural sources of food become scarcer and scarcer.

In addition to the yearly GHI, the Hunger Index for the States of India (ISHI) was published in 2008 and the Sub-National Hunger Index for Ethiopia was published in 2009.

Calculation of the Index
The Index ranks countries on a 100 point scale, with 0 being the best score ("no hunger") and 100 being the worst, though neither of these extremes is achieved in practice. The higher the score, the worse the food situation of a country. Values less than 4.9 reflect "low hunger", values between 5 and 9.9 reflect "moderate hunger", values between 10 and 19.9 indicate a "serious", values between 20 and 29.9 are "alarming", and values exceeding 30 are "extremely alarming" hunger problem.

The GHI combines three equally weighted indicators: 1) the proportion of the undernourished as a percentage of the population; 2) the prevalence of underweight children under the age of five; and 3) the mortality rate of children under the age of five.

The data used for the 2013 GHI are for the period from 2008 to 2012 – the most recent available global data for the three components of the GHI. The data on the proportion of undernourished come from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) and IFPRI (estimates) are for 2010–2012. Data on underweight of children under 5 are based on data from 2008-2012 collected by the World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF/WHO/World Bank, UNICEF, and MEASURE DHS. Data on child mortality are for 2011 from the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. The 2013 GHI, the recalculated base value of the 1990 GHI as well as the values for 1995, 2000, and 2005 are not directly comparable to previously calculated GHI values. The values reflect the latest revised data for the three components of the GHI and include estimate where original source data were not available.

Global and regional trends
Worldwide, the Global Hunger Index 2013 has a value of 13.8, which indicates a serious food and nutrition security situation. Yet, in 1990 the global GHI was 20.8, which means a decrease of almost 34 percent in the last years.

According to the 2013 GHI, Hunger is still most prevalent in South Asia: with 20.7 the situation here is "alarming". Following suit with 19.2 is Sub-Saharan Africa. This means that for the first time, Sub-Saharan Africa has stayed under the mark of 20 points and its situation is now ranked in the better category "serious". In Eastern Europe, the Commonwealth of Independent States, and Latin America and the Caribbean the situation is considerably better: with value of 2.7 and 4.8 hunger is not very prevalent in these regions.

The biggest gains could be cold be recorded in the countries of East Asia and Southeast Asia as well as in Latin America and the Caribbean. Their values have improved by over 50 percent since 1990. In three countries the hunger situation is extremely alarming: Burundi, Eritrea, and the Comoros. They "lead" the list of hunger countries and point with values beyond 30 to an urgent need for action. Thailand and Vietnam, on the other hand, were able to improve their GHI values since 1990 by over 70 percent.

Ranking
The Global Hunger Index is composed of the proportion of the undernourished as a percentage of the population, the prevalence of underweight children under the age of five and the mortality rate of children under the age of five (calculated average, in percentages).

The following countries could not be included due to lack of data: Afghanistan, Bahrain, Bhutan, Democratic Republic of Congo, Iraq, Myanmar, Oman, Papua New Guinea, Qatar, and Somalia.

Focus of the GHI 2013: Resilience to build food and nutrition security
Many of the countries, in which the hunger situation is "alarming" or "extremely alarming", are particularly prone to crises: In the African Sahel people experience yearly droughts. On top of that, they have to deal with violent conflict and natural calamities. At the same time, the global context becomes more and more volatile (financial and economic crises, food price crises).

The inability to cope with these crises leads to the destruction of many development successes that had been achieved over the years. In addition, people have even less resources to withstand the next shock or crises. 2.6 billion people in the world live with less than 2 USD per day. For them, a sickness in the family, crop failure after a drought or the interruption of remittances from relatives who live abroad can set in motion a downward spiral from which they cannot free themselves on their own.

It is therefore not enough to support people in emergencies and, once the crises is over, to start longer term development efforts. Instead, emergency and development assistance has to be conceptualized with the goal of increasing resilience of poor people against these shocks.

The Global Hunger Index differentiates three coping strategies. The lower the intensity of the crises, the less resources have to be used to cope with the consequences:


 * Absorption: Skills or resources, which are used to reduce the impact of a crises with out changing the lifestyle (e.g. selling some lifestock)
 * Adaptation: Once the capacity to absorb is exhausted, steps are taken to adapt the lifestyle to the situation without making drastic changes (e.g. using drought-resistant seeds).
 * Transformation: If the adaptation strategies do not suffice to deal with the negative impact of the crises, fundamental, longer lasting changes to life and behavior have to be made (e.g. nomadic tribes become sedentary and become farmers because they cannot keep their herds).

Based on this analysis the authors present several policy recommendations:
 * Overcoming the institutional, financial and conceptual boundaries between humanitarian aid and development assistance.
 * Elimination of policies that undermine people's resilience. Using the Right to Food as a basis for the development of new policies.
 * Implementation of multi-year, flexible programs, which are financed in a way that enables multi-sectoral approaches to overcome chronic food crises.
 * Communicating that improving resilience is cost effective and improves food and nutrition security, especially in fragile contexts.
 * Scientific monitoring and evaluation of measures and programs with the goal to increase resilience.
 * Active involvement of the local population in the planning and implementation of resilience increasing programs.
 * Improvement of food especially of mothers and children through nutrition-specific and sensitive interventions to avoid that short-term crises lead to nutrition-related problems late in life or across generations.

Focus of the GHI 2012: Pressures on land, water and energy resources
Increasingly, Hunger is related to how we use land, water and energy. The growing scarcity of these resources puts more and more pressure on food security. Several factors contribute to an increasing shortage of natural resources: Signs for an increasing scarcity of energy, land and water resources are for example: growing prices for food and energy, a massive increase of large-scale investment in arable land (so-called land grabbing), increasing degradation of arable land because of too intensive land use (for example, increasing desertification), increasing number of people, who live in regions with lowering ground water levels, and the loss of arable land as a consequence of climate change. The analysis of the global conditions lead the authors of the GHI 2012 to recommend several policy actions:
 * 1) Demographic change: The world population is expected to be over 9 billion by 2050. Additionally, more and more people live in cities. Urban populations feed themselves differently than inhabitants of rural areas; they tend to consume less staple foods and more meat and dairy products.
 * 2) Higher income and non-sustainable use of resources: As the global economy grows, wealthy people consume more food and goods, which have to be produced with a lot of water and energy. They can afford not to be efficient and wasteful in their use of resources.
 * 3) Bad policies and weak institutions: When policies, for example energy policy, are not tested for the consequences they have on the availability of land and water it can lead to failures. An example are the biofuel policies of industrialized countries: As corn and sugar are increasingly used for the production of fuels, there is less land and water for the production of food.
 * Securing land and water rights
 * Gradual lowering of subsidies
 * Creation of a positive macroeconomic framework
 * Investment in agriculture technology development to promote a more efficient use of land, water and energy
 * Support for approaches, that lead to a more efficient use of land, water and energy along the whole value chain
 * Preventing and overuse of natural resources through monitoring strategies for water, land and energy, and agricultural systems
 * Improvement of the access to education for women and the strengthening of their reproductive rights to address demographic change
 * Increase incomes, reduce social and economic inequality and promotion of sustainable lifestyles
 * Climate change mitigation and adaptation through a reorientation of agriculture

Focus of the 2011 GHI: Rising and volatile food prices
The report cites 3 factors as the main reasons for high volatility, or price changes, and price spikes of food:
 * Use of the so-called biofuels, promoted by high oil prices, subsidies in the United States (over one third of the corn harvest of 2009 and 2010 respectively) and quota for biofuel in gasoline in the European Union, India and others.
 * Extreme weather events as a result of Climate Change
 * Future trading of agricultural commodities, for instance investments in fonds, which are speculating on price changes of agricultural products (2003: 13 Bn US Dollar, 2008: 260 Bn US Dollar), as well as increasing trade volume of these goods.

Volatility and prices increases are worsened according to the report by the concentration of staple foods in a few countries and export restrictions of these goods, the historical low of worldwide cereal reserves and the lack of timely information on food products, reserves and price developments. Especially this lack of information can lead to overreactions in the markets. Moreover, seasonal limitations on production possibilities, limited land for agricultural production, limited access to fertilizers and water, as well as the increasing demand resulting from population growth, puts pressure on food prices.

According to the Global Hunger Index 2011 price trends show especially harsh consequences for poor and under-nourished people, because they are not capable to react to price spikes and price changes. Reactions, following these developments, can include: reduced calorie intake, no longer sending children to school, riskier income generation such as prostitution, criminality, or searching landfills, and sending away household members, who cannot be fed anymore. In addition, the report sees an all-time high in the instability and unpredictability of food prices, which after decades of slight decrease, increasingly show price spikes (strong and short-term increase).

At a national level, especially food importing countries (those with a negative food trade balance, are affected by the changing prices.

Focus of the GHI 2010: Early Childhood Under-nutrition
Under-nutrition among children has reached terrible levels. About 195 million children under the age of five in the developing world – about one in three children - are too small and thus underdeveloped. Nearly one in four children under age five – 129 million – is underweight, and one in 10 is severely underweight. The problem of child under-nutrition is concentrated in a few countries and regions with more than 90 percent of stunted children living in Africa and Asia. 42% of the world’s undernourished children live in India alone.

The evidence presented in the report shows that the window of opportunity for improving nutrition spans is the 1,000 days between conception and a child’s second birthday (that is the period from -9 to +24 months). Children who are do not receive adequate nutrition during this period have increased risks to experiencing lifelong damage, including poor physical and cognitive development, poor health, and even early death. The consequences of malnutrition that occurred after 24 months of a child's life are by contrast largely reversible.