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Pharyngitis is defined as inflammation of the pharynx which is the back of throat, whereas tonsillitis is defined as inflammation of the tonsils. They are most often referred as sore throat. Pharyngitis and tonsillitis are usually caused by bacterial or viral infection.The most common causative bacteria is group A b-hemolytic Streptococcus (GABHS) infection, specifically Streptococcus pyogenes infection. The major viral etiologies are Epstein-Barr virus, coxsackievirus A, adenovirus, rhinovirus, and measles virus. Other causes may include allergies, trauma, toxins, long-term mouth breathing and cancer.

The signs and symptoms of pharyngitis and tonsillitis vary from mild to intense. Common findings include sore throat, fever, difficulty in swallowing, redness in the back of throat, white or gray patches at the back of throat and swollen lymph nodes. Systemic symptoms such as headache, malaise, fatigue, vomiting, abdominal pain, rashes and loss of appetite may be noted.

The appropriate treatment for pharyngitis and tonsillitis varies depending on its underlying cause.

For bacterial infections, a course of oral antibiotics may be prescribed, such as amoxicillin or penicillin. The antibiotics aim to prevent complications, such as rheumatic fever or kidney disease. It is essential to complete the entire course of antibiotics to ensure the infection has cleared and to prevent reinfection.

Viral pharyngitis does not respond to antibiotics, but will typically clear up on its own. Over-the-counter medications, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen, can help reduce pain and fever. Home remedies that may help speed up recovery include:

●      getting enough rest

●      drinking plenty of water to stay hydrated

●      using a humidifier to add moisture to the air

●      gargling with salt water

●      sucking on ice chips or throat lozenges to soothe the throat

●      drinking warm beverages, such as tea with honey, lemon water, or broth