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STAIN REMOVAL
Stain is spot or a mark of discolouration on fabric left by contact or absorption of some foreign material. Stain removal is an both an art and science. It should be carried out with care in such a manner as to restore the garment to its original appearance and texture. Ordinary method or reagents can easily remove some stains but there are a quite a few that need special treatment. This entirely depends on the nature of stain. A clue to the identify of stain is its colour, smell, appearance and feel.

TYPES OF STAIN
Vegetable stains: include the stains that are caused by fruit juices, tea, coffee, and cocoa. These are acidic in nature and require alkaline medium to remove them.

Protein stain: these stains that are caused by blood, egg, milk, meat. These contain protein matter. Heat must be avoided in their removal as protein denature on heating and the protein gets fixed in the stain.

Grease stains: these may be just grease spots or some coloring matter fixed with grease. These include oil, butter, paints, vanish etc. in removing them, some grease solvent or absorbent is first use to dissolve or absorbed grease and then colouring matter is removed by washing or else bleaching.

Dye and mineral stains: such stain include rust, inks and certain medicine stains. This are a compound of metal or dye. This are first treated with acidic first reagents and then neutralized with an alkali.

Miscellaneous stains: these include stains like scorch, chewing gum, grass etc. though grass comes under the vegetable stains, but since it contains chlorophyll a different method is used.

METHODS OF STAIN REMOVAL
There are several techniques for applying stain removers. They require care and best applied when the stain is not too large.

Dip Method: When the entire fabric can be immersed in the stain remover, the best method is dipping. This is the most convenient method if the spot is large, or if there are many spots on all- cotton or all linen fabrics.

Steam Method: Stains on wool, silk or any coloured fabric may be removed by steaming. The stained area is saturated with steam by spreading the cloth over a bowl partly filled with hot water into which a small amount of the appropriate removal agent has been placed.

Drop Method:

Small drops of a removal agent can be applied by means of a medicine dropper or a glass rod.

Sponge Method:

Sponging is the most frequently used method of stain removal, but if it is not done with care, it will not be effective. An absorbent cloth or a blotter should be placed underneath the stain to absorb the removal agent as well as the stain. The blotter also prevents further spreading of the wet area. Both the sponging cloth and the absorbent material should be renewed whenever they show the slightest tinge of the stain.

TEA,COFFEE,AERATED DRINK
If the stain is old, steep in glycerine overnight or half an hour (for softening of the stain) Spread borax over the stains and pour boiling water on it or steep in hot solution of borax with gentle rub on stain. If the stain persists, bleach with javelle water. Wash- rinse well and dry in the sun.

FRUIT JUICE(APPLE/POMEGRANATE CONTAINING IRON)
Treat the stain with oxalic acid and neutralize with borax or an alkali.

Wash, rinse and dry in sun, avoid javelle water bleach as it fixes iron-containing stains.

KETCHUP
Sock the stain in glycerine. Wash with warm water.

Bleach with javelle water.

Wash-rinse well and dry in the sun.

EGG,MILK,BLOOD STAIN
Soak either in cold water (to which common salt has to be added) or in dilute NH4OH solution. Rub gently ( hastens dissolving of the stain). Bleach with H2O2 (avoid javelle water in case of bloodstains as it contains iron). Wash and rinse well. Dry in sun. Note : avoid heat as it fixes protein stains:

OIL MACHINE,OIL,BUTTER
Sponge with an appropriate grease solvent over a blotting paper with face down.

Wash with hot detergent solution.

Bleach if necessary. (use oxidizing followed by reducing bleach if required.

Rinse and dry in sun.

colour lipstick, motor grease, shoe polish, eyebrow pencil
Sponge with petrol/spirit over a blotting paper with face down

Wash with hot detergent solution.

Bleach if necessary.

Rinse and dry in sun.

Oil and turmeric curry, pickle
Wash with hot detergent solution and bleach in the sunlight.

When dry, if the stain does not disappear wet it and put it again in sunlight.

INK, BALLPEN, FELTPEN
Sponge with grease solvent over a blotting paper with face down. Wash with hot detergent solution. If the stain retains, treat with KMnO4 and oxalic acid. Wash, rinse and dry in sun.

RED INK
Sponge with grease solvent over a blotting paper with face down. Wash with hot detergent solution. If the stain retains, treat with KMnO4 and oxalic acid. Wash, rinse and dry in sun.

BLUE INK
rub lime and ash on metal and then neutralize with alkali salt or apply citric acid followed by borax. Steep in warm solution of KMnO4 followed by dilute oxalic acid alternatively. Wash in soap solution. Rinse and dry in sun.

RUST STAIN
rub in dilute oxalic acid 40% and then neutralize in borax solution. Bleach with H2O2 or javelle water. Wash, rinse well and dry in sun.

KATHA
Bleach with warm solution of KMnO4 and 10% oxalic acid

Wash rinse and dry in sun.

CHEWING GUM
Sponge with ice (hardens the gum and helps to peel it off in firm fabric) Sponge with grease solvent face down. Bleach of necessary. Wash, rinse and dry in sun.

paint enamel, coal tar, nail polish
Scrape off as much as possible. Sock in material turpentine/ kerosene or acetone along with gentle rubbing. Wash it in hot soapy water. If the stain persists, bleach with reducing bleach if necessary. Wash-rinse well and dry in the sun.

MUD
Scrap off dry deposits. Wash off with soapy solution. Bleach in hot solution of KMnO4 and oxalic acid alternatively. Wash, rinse and dry in sun.

SCORCH
Bleach with H2O2 keep it steeped for few minutes. Soak in solution carbonate with some detergent (2-3 hors). Rinse well and dry in sun.

GRASS (CHLOROPHYLL)
Steep in methylated spirit. Rub firmly. Rinse well and dry in sun.

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