User:Sejohnson1/sandbox

Peer Review by David Lorell
In the lead: "The most widely recognized chronobiotic" is probably fine, but if you have a source that says this, that would proably be more wiki-like.

" the pineal gland was robustly described." By whom? This probably needs a source. Unless that first source covers everything. In that case, you might want to split up the citation into specific pages and cite them where appropriate.

Otherwise very nice, well cited and seems like a very useful expansion of what was barely even a page!

Chronobiotic

 * 1) Summary: My contribution is in the form of sections added to the Wikipedia page for Chronobiotics. I added a History section as well as a section detailing the Types of Chronobiotics that have been identified.
 * 2) Original article:

A chronobiotic is an agent that can cause phase adjustment of the body clock. That is, it is a substance capable of therapeutically entraining or re-entraining long-term desynchronized or short-term dissociated circadian rhythms in mammals, or prophylactically preventing their disruption following an environmental insult such as is caused by rapid travel across several time zones. The most widely recognized chronobiotic is the hormone melatonin, secreted at night in both diurnal and nocturnal species.

3. Revised article:

A chronobiotic is an agent that can cause phase adjustment of the body clock. That is, it is a substance capable of therapeutically entraining or re-entraining long-term desynchronized or short-term dissociated circadian rhythms in mammals, or prophylactically preventing their disruption following an environmental insult such as is caused by rapid travel across several time zones. The most widely recognized chronobiotic is the hormone melatonin, secreted at night in both diurnal and nocturnal species.

History
Just before melatonin was characterized in 1958, the pineal gland was robustly described. Melatonin was originally discovered by Aaron Lerner, a Yale dermatologist, and colleagues, who had hoped it could be used to treat vitiligo. Although melatonin did not prove to be relevant to dermatology treatments, it was quickly confirmed to be secreted by the pineal gland to affect the brain. Further research found that circadian melatonin rhythms persisted under constant darkness, which suggested that light alone is not responsible for the cycle of melatonin secretion. Rather, endogenous melatonin serves to internalize light cues, making melatonin responsible for modulating neuroendocrine functions.

The suprachiasmatic nucleus, or SCN, is a small region within the anterior hypothalamus of the brain that is responsible for orienting the organism’s internal measurement of time to external time cues like daylight.

Quiadon
Quiadon was one of the first chronobiotics used to affect circadian rhythms in humans. A 3-alkyl pyrazolyl piperazine, Quiadon is a serotonin-depleting tranquilizer. However, the original study performed by H.W. Simpson and colleagues in 1973 delivered inconclusive results, and Quiadon was never put on the market for human use.

Melatonin
Melatonin is a natural hormone produced by the body to encode nighttime. Endogenous melatonin is secreted daily in all mammals beginning after sunset and ending just before sunrise. Melatonin’s chronobiotic property was initially suspected in the late 1980s when a high density of high-affinity melatonin receptors were discovered in the SCN. Little is known about the long-term effects of taking melatonin.

Chrononutrition
The field of chrononutrition was established after dietary tryptophan was shown to synchronize the circadian rhythm with environmental time cues in 1968. Melatonin, which is also known for its chronobiotic properties, is synthesized from tryptophan. It is not only the nutrient that is relevant to chrononutrition, but the timing of nutrient consumption. By strategically planning meal times, the body can become resynchronized with exogenous time.

--

= Peer Review by David Lorell =

In the late 17th century, French obstetrician François Mauriceau believed that the enlarged abdomens of falsely pregnant patients were caused by bad air, which aligns with the miasma theory that prevailed before the late 19th century. The phrasing of "which aligns with" is probably more subjective than wikipedia likes. Physicians slowly began to acknowledge other potential causes of pseudocyesis, including its origin in the mind and in the body. 'Pseudocyesis is a new concept that you've just introduced. You should probably link to a wiki if it exists or cite it or clarify it in text.' By 1877, a clinician named Underhill observed that physical symptoms can convince a woman of pregnancy or a “disordered brain” can convince her that ordinary abdominal pains or bowel movements are instead fetal movements. 'This is unclear to me. What exactly is the phenomenon you're describing? On first read it seems like you're talking about some kind of psychosomatic pregnancy but on second read I'm just not sure. (Edit: Just looked it up and that's exactly what's going on. Maybe a little bit of rephrasing and an intro to the page would clarify it.)'The idea that pseudocyesis could result from a woman's perception of herself led to investigation into the role of emotions in cases of pseudocyesis. An investigator in the early 20th century observed that strong emotions can dry a woman's milk supply. The investigator went on to infer that the opposite was also true, and it was believed that strong emotions could also bring about its production in women who are not pregnant. However, as French physician Charles Pajot stated in the 19thcentury, “there are no false pregnancies, only false diagnoses.”

The symptoms of pseudocyesis are so close to those of true pregnancy, they have historically fooled both women and their physicians. However, physicians were expected to notice minute differences in cases of pseudocyesis that would indicate the absence of a fetus. Although the symptoms overlap, pregnancy symptoms in cases of pseudocyesis do not present as intensely. The abdomen would become enlarged in both conditions, but in cases of pseudocyesis, the woman's navel would not turn outwards. Women experiencing false pregnancies tended to report uncharacteristically vigorous fetal movements for her alleged gestational state. Despite the availability of modern ultrasound technology, women with false pregnancies are still mistaken for women in true labor. In 2010, a woman in the United States who was suspected of being in labor was given a C-section only to discover there had been no fetus.

'My comments are mostly about phrasing and clarity. In general: You are citing the same source many times in the same paragraph without referring to any other source. I think the standard practice is to place the citation at the end of the information which comes from it, so you should probably only have 2-3 inline citations in the text. That said, you have enough text to warrant more sources than that. You should probably have something like ~5 sources cited throughout this text.'