User:Serendipodous/indigo/page 22

Caspar
Kepler's polygons were not exact

Since we astronomers are priests of the highest god in regards the book of nature, it befits us to be thoughtful not of the glory of mour minds but above all ese for the glory of god

a solemn awe prevents me from teaching anything else.

To guard the gate at the temple at which copernicus celebrates at the high altar

Mysterium was the only one of Kepler's works to be reprinted in his lifetime, and that was in 1621.

all is in gods image the rational soul

Geometry is one and eternal shining in the mind of God. That share in it accorded to humans is one of the reasons that humanity is the image of God.

7, 9, 11 polygons

not constructible

Earth has an intelligent soul, and reacts to harmony

the natural philosphers can say what they say but there exists on Earth also a soul

give air to the heavens and really and truly there will be music

Tycho's journals were a mess

Let my name perish as long as name of god is promoted Kepler was no social chameleon

matthias kept him as court mathematician

new position created in the town for him, town had no say

remained in correspodnence with nobles

he was denied lutheran communion

death threats, school schedules changed to avoid his lessons

wine barrels - do your job She could not return to Leonberg as she had been threatened with death

rienhold had to pay the legal costs

14 months of confinement in chains

absent for a year- price on his head?

year squared equals distance cubed

trial and error

imperfections required for the cosmic harmony

epitome first without epicycles

1621: Bavarian legion arrives in Linz

Ferdinand also made Kepler imperial mathematician

Kepler spared exile as protestant teacher

protestants claimed his ambiguity was strategic

December 1623: Last published calendar burned in Graz

kepler predicted that a lack of compromise would end in violence

angular velocities from the persoective of the sun

Pythagoras
harmonies between planets would occur only rarely

Because its difference was greater than an octave, and it made the shift in just 44 days, Mercury would sing in harmony at least once with all the other planets

harmonies of two planets occur about every day

harmonies of three planets occur fairly often, particularly between Mercury, Venus and Earth

"Harmonies of four planets begin to spread out over centuries, of five planets over myriads of years"

As for all six planets, such a harmony Kepler thought it might occur once in the entire history of the universe. Such a chord would be seven octaves wide (only an organ could play it)

"Where were you when I laid the earth's foundation... when the morning stars sang together" GOd to Job as per Kepler

"warmed having drunk a generous draught of the cup of pythagoras"

After discovering his law Fell to his knees and proclaimed "My god I am thinking thy thoughts after thee"

Correspondence
1597 Hamberger- gali8leo was professor of mathematics at Padua

"Youi myust believe me. I would rather have the critique, even if sharp, of a single understanding man, then the unconsidered approval of the great masses"

Galileo responded with a brief note, requesting two more copies and noting his joy in finding a fellow copernican. Kepler compied, asking only for a longer reply in payment. It never came.

April 1610. Now the tables were turned. Galileo was in need of supprt, as his peers and the church balked at his telescopic findings.

Kepler recieved a copy of the messenger from the tuscan ambassador, with a request from galileo that he comment on it.

Galileo never used Kepler to support his views, even in his trial.

Four months later, galileo0 responded thanking Kepler for being one of the few people to credit his discovery but politely declined to send him a telescope, as he had nonm to spare and did not wish to consturct a new one.

Kepler wrote a letter to galileo explainining his work doprice, which outlined the theory of what galileo had worked out by trial and error. It was likely never sent, as it was found among Kepler's possessions.

1611: Kepler weote to galileo regarding the amagrams.

Four letters from galileo, six from kepler.

Why did galileo not continue the correspodnece? Phiolosophical difference?

Galileo's theory of tides was wrong; Kepler had suggested in Astronomia Nova that the tides were caused by the Moon

Galileo did not believe that comets were real

Galileo never accepted Kepler's laws. still believing in perfect circles.

Doptrice, a term invented by Kepler and sitll used in optics today, contained a new "Keplerian" telescope that improved on the original design

Kepler also reminded Galileo that the phases of Venus did not disprove geocentrism, merely ptolemy

Baumgardt
to calculate the orbits of the plants you need two stationary points; the Sun and Mars (whose orbit was well known) at a specific point

"[one of ] those few who cannot do otherwise but openly acknowledge thei convictions on every subject"

Galileo delighted in battle with others; Kepler did not

converso
Kepler hoped that galileo would have respond to Astronomia nova

In his coversation, Kepler adheres to his cosmographic mystery, even though he did look for farther planets

In the letter he hoped that his endorsement would bolster his copernican ideas

Kepler endorsed Galileo despite not seeing his worlds, given how far out he had gone, including bringing in the de medicis.

2, 4, 6-8 (one each for venus and mercury)

His mention that "natural magic" predicted the telescope was intended to endorse his veracity

"I am trying to induce the skeptic to have faith in your instrument"

Johannes Pistorius: Lenses would one day extend human vision. Kepler had obejcted, saying their refractive propteries made them ill suited for observations

He made a reference to the parallax of comets

He compares the round valleys to round valleys on Earth

Too numerous? The moon is like pumice?

The body of the moon is not very dense, as it moves at twice the speed of the Earth's equator

Plutarch had called the dark regions seas, and the light regions continents Kepler had thought the reverse

Kepler acknowedges that the maria are lower than the surroundings, because Galileo showed that the sun lights the surroundings first, and that the maria are obviosuly flat

He even speculated on his somnium, that the craters were built as embankments to protect the Lunars from the Sun, and that they lived in tunnels carved into it

Jovians influenced by the aspects of those planets, not us. Planets ordained for them

Somnium
Protagonist's mother a herbalist just like Kepler's mother

Delivery to Tycho Brahe

Intermingles among Brahe's students, and then is kept by him to study astronomy

Mother would converse with the moon

explosion like gunpowder

The shock of the flight means that passengers should take a narcotic

precautions must be taken to ensure that the limbs aren't separated from the body by the launch

Breathing must be done through wet sponges.

travellers must be caught before reaching the moon

Its inhabitants must flee the Sun as a day lasts a month on the Moon.

There is great contrast to each hemisphere

prevlvan intemperate- moonless night, hard ice and spray and fearsome winds; in day, no winds, and unbearable heat, fifteen times more intense than africa

subvolvian temperate

far more exaggerated surface features (mars)

Whatever is born on the moon attains a monstrous size: growth is extremely rapid, dictating a very short life span by terrestrial standards. Since there are no towns the "Privolvans have no fixed abode, no established domicile." They are nomadic creatures who roam in crowds over their entire hemisphere:

Some use their legs, which far surpass those of our camels; some resort to wings; and some follow the receding water in boats; or if a delay of several more days is necessary, then they crawl into caves. Most of them are divers; all of them draw their breath very slowly; hence under water they stay down on the bottom.

Feeding is a nocturnal function which, if prolonged until after sunrise, often leads to death. The skin of the moon-dwellers, the majority of whom resemble massive serpents, is spongy and porous and, if exposed to the full force of the sun, becomes scorched and brittle. Food consists primarily of plants whose surface "is like rind" and of the carcasses of the large number of creatures who die each day.

Voelkel
Once noble, military, fallen into the craftsman class

They still had a coat of arms

Father Heinrich, Sebald's fourth son

"small, thin, swarthy, gossiping and quarrelsome, of a bad disposition"

"He destroyed everything. He was a wrongdoer, abrupt and quarrelsome"

Never seen again after 1588, presumably killed on campaign

Kepler was raised by his mother Katharina and took after her in many ways. She was a herbalist and potion-maker, and also not easy to like, two traits that would not serve her well in future.

When his parents were together, the results were volcanic

One of four of seven sibs to reach adulthood

Protestants in a Catholic city, surrounded by a Protestant state

Moved to Leonburg, part of the outer duchy, to give Kepler an education

Fast tracked to the Latin school, the school for scholars

He made a list of enemies at school, but not a list of friends

fist fights would only be resolved if other students recognised Kepler's academic supremacy

When faced with a "heretical" position, he would compare it to the Bible and reach his own conclusion.

The sun the most resplendent body, was god, the outer sphere of fixed stars was the Son, and the infinite raadii of the enclosing sphere was the holy spirit.

The closer to the sun the planets were, the faster they moved

Debated the system at school, but always saw it as an adjunct to his religious education

Van der schoot
Found a resolution in Plato's Timaeus to Christianity and heliocentrism

Mysterium
Tibungen 1696 by Keopler of Wurttenburg

Mathematician of styria

25 year revision published under Rudolf and Matthias

1621

the nature of the universe, gods plan for creating it Here pythagoras reveals all in 5 figtures

In an early run of Bodes law, Kepler attempted to put planets between Mars and Juopiter and Venus and Mercury to make the ratios of the distances harmonious, but concluded that one planet alone would not solve the ratio of Mars to Jupiter

Kepler saw a natural liking for simplicity. And Copernicuss views were sinpler, particularly concerning precession

Quoting Plato's Timaeus| "For it neither is nor was right that that he who is the best should make anything except the most beautiful."

Kepler establishes the sphere of the firzt stars as the universe's circumference, as argued by Aritstotle

sun= image of god, fixed stars, waters of creation, air of heaven (aether?) holy spriit

Euclid had proven there cannot be more than 5 regular solids

Each sphere was enclosed in a solid, each solid enclosed in a sphere

six spheres five solids

"for what could be said or imagined which would be more redmarkable or more convincing, than that what copernicus established by observation, from the effects a postiori, by a lucky rather than confident guess, like a blind man leaning on a stick as he walks, as rheticus himself used to say, and believed to be the case, all that, I say is disccovered to have been quite correctly established by reasoning derived a priori from the causes from the idea of the creation?"

Pythagoras had eqwuated the solids with the elements

tetrahedron greatest distance (jup amrs) octohedron least distance (venus mercury)

ratio between distances vs the ratios of the interior and exterior spheres of a solid

primaries secondaries (dodec iocos)

primaries are all of different face, secs borrow triangles

primaries are three the perfect number

primaries innately stand upright, as they land on their faces

"awkward spectacle"

secs inferior to earth, primes superior

Earth placed in middle (sun merc venus Mars jupiter saturn)

Timaeus
The universe is based on the eternal model, as it is the most beautiful

Creator was good, and wanted to create a world in image of itself

order is better than disorder

Only souls can be intelligent

the universe is a body endowed with soul and intelligence

that living thing comprehends within itself all intelligible living things

In its center he placed a soul

the world is a blessed god

regluar polyhedra are assigned to the elements

teh crator apportioned out his creation in double numbers 1 2 4 8 and triople numbers 1 3 9 27

the ratios between them became harmionies and the planets were laid out according to them

Points
Bede, sundial clouds


 * Difference between the solar day and the stellar day
 * Difference between the solar day and the mean solar day
 * Difference between the tropical year and the sidereal year
 * Absence of an "astrological leap day" every 71 years.
 * Shift from lunar to solar calendar
 * Adoption of the Julian calendar
 * Shift to Jan 1
 * Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
 * Mean solar day and nutation
 * Adoption of the mechanical clock and the rise of the equal-hour day
 * Adoption of midnight as the transition, rather than sunset
 * Adoption of Greenwich as the prime meridian and universal time
 * Atomic clocks and Universal Coordinated Time
 * Adoption and possible abandonment of the leap second

Dohrn
"the clock is the firt automatic machine applied to practical purposes" "from which the whole theory of production of regular motion was developed." Marx

Weber: the protestant work ethic, with its obsession with time, is a secularization of the monastic discipline

When the sundial wasn introduced to Athens, people confounded its newfangled intrusion: people ate at mealtimes, not when they were hungry; they slept during the day and celebrated after dark

the Babylonians intorduced the 12-hour day to the Greeks. Prior to that, "hour" had meant any length of time, like a season. the day was divided into four loose periods

In Northern england, a sundial an hour of daylight in summer would be 90 minutes long, while an hour in winter would be 30 minutes

hours of equal length were resrerved for astronomy, half hours for irrigation

early egyptian sundials kept mediocre time and were likely mostly for calendric purposes

simple wter clocks, modified to deal with things like decreased water pressure, kept time to within 15 minutes a day

speeches were "according to water"- one jug was about 4 minutes

Anient greek water clocks grew quite complicated, often including what we would now call clockwork

In keeping with the New testament, monasteries divided time into four periods

Midnight-to-midnight was customary among lawyers

Muslims, unlike Christians, were forbidden from praying at noon, dawn or sunset. So they had to keep an accurate count of time

the ninth hour (none) drifted and became noon

prayers could be lengthned or shortened depending on the time

monks hada kind of shared view of time, that depended on the monestary

prime terce sext none

things happened "before midday" or "after sunrise" with no indication of how far before or after

Bede considered the punctum (quarter hour) the smallest unit of time measurable by a sundial and the momentum (moment) or 90 seconds the smallest perceptible unit of time

Candle clocks could divide the day into 20 minute segments, alfred the great dividfed his day into three, study.prayer, work, rest

no one knows precisely who invented the mechanical clock, though it may have spread from China to the Islamic world and then to Europe

Judge and court dates could sit at fixed hours, independent of other issues, such as mass.

with the rise of education, teaching became strictly temporally regimented. "Even if the building of solomon's temple was at stake"

sandglasses were the first personal timepieces, that enabled different people to conduct different tasks to the same time.

begging could now be regulated so that only registered local beggars could perform at peak times, while torture could now be regimented and jews could be excluded

bess for work eventually became separate from bells for church

The clock, like all technology, was simultaneously a tool of control and a means of liberation.

postal deliveries could be timed to the hour. Couriers were offered bundles of cash on delivery if they completed it in 4 days; for every hour late, pay was deducted

People began to refer to the time of day irrespective of the Sun

Italian hour: day begins half hour after sundown. Flaw: sundown changes, clocks need to be reset

Nuremberg hour: Day and Night have different hours depending on the time of year. Flaw: too complicated

half clock or small clock, the most familiar to us, the most alien to its adopters (clocks only need to be set once a day, if at all)

Bacon
"I repent that I have given myself so much trouble to destroy ignorance!" (last words heard)

Born in Somerset, sometime around the year 1214

His childhood barn was dark, with narrow slits for windows

the Bacons were Norman immigrants though they took a saxon name baccen, meaning beech tree

they had no love for Normandy, which John had raised taxes in his desperate bid to regain

He and at least one of his brothers entered academia; there was a rising demand for schools to feed the new clerical class of lawyers, priests and aministrators

He entered Oxford at 13.

to be a student, he had to enter the church, and was tonsured

Bacon wrote later that over 20 years he spent £2000 (the equivalent of £10 million today) on books and experimental material, all of which would have to have been covered by his family

His interest had become an obsession, expensive not only in money but friends and free time

self powered ship, self powered car, ornithopter, elevator, astronomical telescopes, microscopes (though he assumed Julius Caesar had used one)

summon forth poisonous emanations

aristotelian dispute vs experimentation

In his thirties, Bacon became a Franciscan friar, the requirement that he give up all his personal wealth was arguably a plus to his family

Franciscans were not monks; they lived among the people, often as beggars, and their buildings were sites of learning, with better access to books than many universities

teh Franciscans humbleness became a brand, and they were seen as more pious than churchmen, so people began to look to them for church services such as burial

To counter this, the head of the order decided to rein in the order's freer spirits.

Bacon may have sided with the spirutalists who beleived the Franciscans weren't being humble enough

He now couldn't read a book without consulting a superior

Richards
Even Ptolemy recognised that the length of a day as measured by a sundial was different from the length of the day measured by a water clock. They varied by as much as 50 seconds, and rose and fell over the course of the year (Keplerian orbit)