User:SewellBio/sandbox

History
Foix-Chavany-Marie (SFMC) syndrome was termed in a literature review proposed by Weller in 1993. This review allowed the etiological classification of SFMC into five clinical subtypes; Classical, Subacute, Developmental, Reversible, and Chronic. Weller termed SFMC in recognition of Charles Foix, Jean Alfred Emile Chavany, and Julien Marie. French Physicians, Foix et al. introduced pseudobulbar palsy resulting from bilateral opecular lesions, a syndrome later termed SFMC, to Neurological literature in 1926. The published journal in Revenue Neurologique described the facio-labio-pharngo-maticatory paralysis and automatic- voluntary dissociation characteristic of SFMC. Prior to this introduction, case reports on SFMC were confined to French literature. The development of computer tomography imaging techniques, such as CT and MRI, expanded publications on SFMC to Anglo-American literature.

The first case report of SFMC was documented in 1837 by Magnus, a German physician. Magnus documented his postmortem observations describing features characteristic of pseudobulbar palsy following multiple infarcts (necrosis of brain tissue following ischemic attacks). The term pseudobulbar palsy was coined in 1877 by Lepine to describe lower cranial nerve palsy or paralysis induced by supranuclear lesions, which included corticobulbar and corticopontine lesions. This created a distinction from motor paralysis that may occur following damage to the brainstem nuclei. Additional clinical and anatomic studies during the onset the twentieth century led to the publication of Thurel’s thesis in 1929. Thurel subdivided pseudobulbar palsy into three subtypes; Cortical, Striatal, and Pontine. The pseudobulbar palsy described by Magnus and later investigated by Foix et al was classified as the cortical form characterized by faciopharyngoglossomasticatory deplegia with automatic voluntary dissociation.

Treatment
Treatment of Foix-Chavany-Marie syndrome depends on the onset of symptoms and involves a multidisciplinary approach. Drugs are used in neurological recovery depending on the etiological classification of SFMC. Reversible SFMC, specifically resulting in the development of lesions in the bilateral and subcortical regions of the brain can be treated using antiepileptic drugs to reverse abnormal EEG changes and induce complete neurological recovery. Physical Therapy is also used to manage symptoms and improve quality of life. For instance, in classical SFMC resulting in the decline of ones ability to speak and swallow treated with neuromuscular electrical stimulation and traditional dysphagia therapy improves oral feeding. Modified feeding techniques and postures also aid in recovery.