User:Sgrov808/Seychelles sheath-tailed bat

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Echolocation

Echolocation in bats is the combination of producing sound waves via a bats vocalization, using echoes from an environment, and highly evolved ears in bats. These sound waves are projected from an origin (the individual bat) until they come upon an object and are promptly bounced back to the origin at a lesser frequency and received by the source individual. The variation in the return frequency can then be used by the individual to make a "visual" map of the environment in order for the bat to find their food or perform other tasks such as navigation as well as just communicating with other individuals in the colony. There are a few different and important variables that can affect acoustic signals and soundwaves, first of which includes time/length (temporal character) of the calls by an individual. Temporal control can be important in perceptual organization of echoes as they are returning back to a source individual from various directions and distances. A second variable is speed/rate (spectral character) at which an individual calls and is important in helping an individual to perceptually visualize their surroundings when they are flying through terrain. The speed (frequency) that an individual calls also can become faster as they close the distance between themselves and a food source, which is how they hunt flying insects such as Lepidoptera. The speed at which calls can be adjusted from an individual also is important to keep track of each echo in more complex audio terrain.

In order to use echolocation effectively bats have gone through much evolution to specialize in this method of movement and hunting. The two evolutionary pathways of echolocation in the two current suborders of bats, Yinpterochiroptera and Yangochiroptera are first, that echolocation has evolved separately between the two suborders, and second, that echolocation evolved from a single point in bat ancestral history and later was lost in some, but not all, Yinpterochiroptera suborder species. There are two different structures that can be utilized for the inner ear of bats, the wall-less canal or the fenestral canal. The wall-less canal allows for ganglion axons to cluster together without restrictions and allows for more space for more neurons. The fenestral canal is more restrictive and does not allow for the increase of space for more neurons and also does not allow the clustering of ganglion axons which makes this structure more restrictive when concerning the variation of ganglion. The highly derived spiral ganglion structure of the inner ear in Yangochiroptera, the suborder of Coleura seychellensis, is referred to as a trans-otic ganglion with a wall-less Rosenthal canal and is what makes echolocation work so well in bats of similar evolutionary pathway.

Vocalization

Within echolocation there is vocalization which can be best described as how a frequency is altered for different purposes and needs. At a family level (Emballonuridae) 4 call structures have been described, broadband FM (Frequency modulation), narrowband FM, long multiharmonic calls and short multiharmonic calls. Broadband FM is simply a FM sweep, narrowband FM is a downwards FM sweep that is then followed by a more narrow band tail. Long multiharmonic calls are calls that have a minimum of 4 narrowband FM harmonics in a 2 ms period. Similarly, short multiharmonic calls are ones that also have 4 narrowband FM harmonics but in under 2 ms. The structure of calls can be altered for a specific need, they can be faster, slower, louder, or quieter from a source individual depending if they are hunting, navigating, communicating, protecting territory, or courting a mate. To date, there are 21 simple syllables and 62 composite syllables in Saccopteryx bilineata males which are in the same family, Emballonuridae, as Coleura seychellensis. Using these syllables there are 7 vocalization types in the species S. bilineata, identified as pulses, barks, chatter, whistles, screeches, territorial songs, and courtship songs. Pulses have a CF (constant frequency), start with an upward FM hook, end with a downward FM hook, and last about 7.4 ms. Barks are similar to pulses but are longer at about 10.5 ms and mainly come from males. Chatter calls are in sequences of up to 50 calls in about 5.5 ms, a single chatter call can resemble pulses but usually has a higher degree of FM. Whistles are very loud and tonal vocalizations by males hovering in front of females and last about 66.7 ms, start with a FM upstroke, increasing in fundamental frequency, and end with a FM downstroke. At the same time females vocalize a screech that can last up to 300 ms and are related to territorial conflicts and response to males hovering, these calls, also vocalized by males, typically have a duration of about 97 ms. Territorial songs are the most noticeable vocalizations in a colony with 10-50 tonal calls that first have an upward FM, then a V-shaped call in the middle, ending with a lower fundamental frequency that is headed by a noisy buzz. The territorial calls can last anywhere from 10 ms to 100 ms and their structure can vary throughout the day. Complex songs in mammals are rare and uncommon in S. bilineata but are used as courtship songs by males. The complex courtship songs also allow for individual identification of males by females in the species S. bilineata. These courtship calls will only happen after territorial calls are finished in the morning and before territorial calls start in the evening and require ultrasound recording systems because they are above 20 kHz, that is, out of human hearing range (About 20 Hz - 20 kHz). These courtship songs also can last for up to 1 hour while being directed at a single female. As mentioned, S. bilineata are in the same family as C. seychellensis and while there is not as much known for C. seychellensis, 4 types of calls have been categorized specifically for C. seychellensis: complex calls, orientation calls, orientation calls in open areas, and foraging calls. Complex social calls have a wide range for frequency, and are mainly directed at other bats with no repetition in structure of the call. Orientation calls are used for orientation in various terrains, usually in confined spaces. Orientation calls in open areas involve no changes in frequency or amplitude. Last, foraging calls are similar to orientation calls in open areas but include 2 alternating CF pulses. Lower frequencies are usually used for navigation in C. seychellensis while higher frequencies are used for prey detection when an individual is in a more clustered environment.