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There is further confusion around another death toll, known as "deaths under investigation" (DUI).

In March 2019, the police told local media this figure was over 29,000 - and this has been included in the government's official reports on the "war on drugs".

So can these be classified as drug-related killings?

Rappler, a local media outlet, says the DUI figure is the police's "way of categorising deaths in the war on drugs that police officials could not explain because they were outside 'legitimate police operations'".

And Karen Gomez, of the Commission on Human Rights, told BBC News, in August 2019, the growing number had become a "cause of serious concern" and regional police stations were blocking or delaying the release of information.

Mr Duterte has encouraged Filipinos to go and kill drug addicts and reports of vigilante groups killing suspected drug users have been well documented.

In 2018, the president told an audience the "only sin" he had committed in his time in office was the "extrajudicial killings".

Human-rights groups say the police have targeted mostly poor communities, putting suspects on "drug lists" compiled by local community leaders.

Michelle Bachelet, the UN chief tasked with delivering the official report into allegations of human-rights abuses in the Philippines, has said even the government's official death toll would be "a matter of most serious concern for any country".

Promising to take a health-based approach, Ms Robredo says: "We will change the metrics, not on the number of deaths but by those number of lives being changed for the better."