User:Shahrukh khan khattak/sandbox

 COMPUTER SCIENCE 

Computer science is the study of the theory, experimentation, and engineering that form the basis for the design and use of computers. It is the scientific and practical approach to computation and its applications and the systematic study of the feasibility, structure, expression, and mechanization of the methodical procedures (or algorithms) that underlie the acquisition, representation, processing, storage, communication of, and access to information. An alternate, more succinct definition of computer science is the study of automating algorithmic processes that scale. A computer scientist specializes in the theory of computation and the design of computational systems.

Computer science deals with the theoretical foundations of information and computation, together with practical techniques for the implementation and application of these foundations.

Its fields can be divided into a variety of theoretical and practical disciplines. Some fields, such as computational complexity theory (which explores the fundamental properties of computational and intractable problems), are highly abstract, while fields such as computer graphicsemphasize real-world visual applications. Other fields still focus on challenges in implementing computation. For example, programming language theory considers various approaches to the description of computation, while the study of computer programming itself investigates various aspects of the use of programming language and complex systems. Human–computer interaction considers the challenges in making computers and computations useful, usable, and universally accessible to humans.

= History of computer science = The history of computer science began long before the modern discipline of computer science that emerged in the 20th century, and was hinted at in the centuries prior. The progression, from mechanical inventions and mathematical theories towards modern computer concepts and machines, led to a major academic field and the basis of a massive worldwide industry.

 Areas of computer science 

As a discipline, computer science spans a range of topics from theoretical studies of algorithms and the limits of computation to the practical issues of implementing computing systems in hardware and software. CSAB, formerly called Computing Sciences Accreditation Board—which is made up of representatives of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), and the IEEE Computer Society (IEEE CS)—identifies four areas that it considers crucial to the discipline of computer science: theory of computation, algorithms and data structures, programming methodology and languages, and computer elements and architecture. In addition to these four areas, CSAB also identifies fields such as software engineering, artificial intelligence, computer networking and communication, database systems, parallel computation, distributed computation, human–computer interaction, computer graphics, operating systems, and numerical and symbolic computation as being important areas of computer science.

Computer graphics and visualization
Main article: Computer graphics (computer science)

Computer graphics is the study of digital visual contents, and involves synthesis and manipulation of image data. The study is connected to many other fields in computer science, including computer vision, image processing, and computational geometry, and is heavily applied in the fields of special effects and video games.

Human-computer interaction
Main article: Human-computer interaction

Research that develops theories, principles, and guidelines for user interface designers, so they can create satisfactory user experiences with desktop, laptop, and mobile devices.

Software engineering
Software engineering is the study of designing, implementing, and modifying software in order to ensure it is of high quality, affordable, maintainable, and fast to build. It is a systematic approach to software design, involving the application of engineering practices to software. Software engineering deals with the organizing and analyzing of software—it doesn't just deal with the creation or manufacture of new software, but its internal maintenance and arrangement. Both computer applications software engineers and computer systems software engineers are projected to be among the fastest growing occupations from 2008 to 2018.

= Importance of Computer Science Education = Computer Science Education is important to today’s modern, digital society. The Computer Science Field is one of the most fastest growing and highest paying career paths in the world. However, there is a diminishing supply of teachers and students interested in Computer Science. This is largely based on how exposed students are to technology and resources as well as whether or not the students are being encouraged to explore the world of computer science.
 * Students, parents, teachers and administrators continue to value CS learning in Year 2. More than nine in 10 parents feel that opportunities to learn CS are a good use of school resources.
 * While support for CS learning continues to be strong, all students do not yet have access to CS learning opportunities in school classes. However, many get exposure to CS through school-  sponsored clubs or activities and when CS is incorporated into other classes at school.
 * While CS learning opportunities are not universally accessible, they are increasing. Specifically, 40% of principals in Year 2 report having at least one CS class available in which students can learn  computer programming or coding — up from 25% in Year 1.
 * Although the majority of parents value CS, few have approached school officials to specifically express support for CS in the classroom, and educators do not report that CS is a priority at their  school/district, which may be hampering CS offerings.
 * Similar to Year 1, schools report a lack of qualified teachers and funds as key barriers to offering CS. Additionally, schools continue to report that they have too many other classes that support required  testing for students, which may immobilize some schools from adding CS offerings, especially in  lower grade levels.

Educating students in computer science is also beneficial to those not interested in the computer science field. With the digital age rising, there is a need to develop logical thinking and problem-solving which are all a part of the computer science curriculum. Students, regardless of interested field, must be avid in using computers whether it be to create a file, write a report, or researching a certain subject. Not to mention that the job openings with knowledge of computer science is growing in every industry and every state; job opening are projected to grow twice the rate of any job.

Computers are used in so many fields in our daily life. From Engineers to Doctors, Students, Teachers, Government Organization they all use computers to perform specific tasks, for entertainment or just to finish office work. Computers have made our life easier. With greater precision and accuracy and less time taking computers can do alot in short time while that task can take alot of time while doing manually. Computers have taken industries and businesses to a whole new level. They are used at Home for work and entertainment purposes, at Office, In hospitals, in government organizations. Here we are going to discuss some of the uses of computers in various fields.

Uses of Computer at Home
Computer can be used at home in the following ways.

See Also:  Right technology for kids

Home Budget
Computer can be used to manage Home Budget. You can easily calculate your expenses and income. You can list all expenses in one column and income in another column. Then you can apply any calculation on these columns to plan your home budget. There are also specialize software that can manage your income and expenses and generate some cool reports.

Computer Games
An important use of computers at home is playing games. Different types of games are available. These games are a source of entertainment and recreation. Many games are available that are specially developed to improve your mental capability and thinking power.

Working from Home
People can manage the office work at home. The owner of a company can check the work of the employees from home. He can control his office while sitting at home.

Entertainment
People can find entertainment on the internet. They can watch movies, listen to songs, and watch videos download different stuff. They can also watch live matches on the internet.

Information
People can find any type of information on the internet. Educational and informative websites are available to download books, tutorials etc. to improve their knowledge and learn new things.

Chatting & Social Media
People can chat with friends and family on the internet using different software like Skype etc. One can interact with friends over social media websites like Facebook, Twitter & Google Plus. They can also share photos and videos with friends.

Uses of Computers in Education
CBT are different programs that are supplied on CD-ROM. These programs include text, graphics and sound. Audio and Video lectures are recorded on the CDs. CBT is a low cost solution for educating people. You can train a large number of people easily.

Benefits of CBT
Some benefits of CBT are as follows:
 * 1) The students can learn new skills at their own pace. They can easily acquire knowledge in any available time of their own choice.
 * 2) Training time can be reduced.
 * 3) Training materials are interactive and easy to learn. It encourages students to learn the topic.
 * 4) Planning and timing problems are reduced or eliminated.
 * 5) The skills can be taught at any time and at any place.
 * 6) It is very cost effective way to train a large number of students.
 * 7) Training videos and audios are available at affordable prices.

Computer Aided Learning (CAL)
Computer aided learning is the process of using information technology to help teaching and enhance the learning process. The use of computer can reduce the time that is spent on preparing teaching material. It can also reduce the administrative load of teaching and research. The use of multimedia projector and PowerPoint presentations has improved the quality of teaching. It has also helped the learning process.

Distance Learning
Distance learning is a new learning methodology. Computer plays the key role in this kind of learning. Many institutes are providing distance learning programs. The student does not need to come to the institute. The institute provides the reading material and the student attends virtual classroom. In virtual classroom, the teacher delivers lecture at his own workplace. The student can attend the lecture at home by connecting to a network. The student can also ask questions to the teacher.

Online Examination
The trend of online examination is becoming popular. Different examination like GRE, GMAT and SAT are conducted online all over the world. The questions are marked by computer. It minimizes the chance of mistakes. It also enables to announce the result in time.

Online Training Resources

 * Lynda.com    (For different Software training and Web development and CMS tutorials)
 * CBT Nuggets (For certification in Networking Technologies by CISCO & Microsoft)
 * Nettuts +      (For web technologies and web programming languages)
 * Byte-Notes    (And of course Byte-Notes.com for intrudctory level programming tutorials and lecture notes)

Uses of Computers in Business
The use of computer technology in business provides many facilities. Businessmen are using computers to interact with their customers anywhere in the world. Many business tasks are performed more quickly and efficiently. Computers also help them to reduce the overall cost of their business. Computer can be used in business in the following ways.

Marketing
An organization can use computers for marketing their products. Marketing applications provide information about the products to customers. Computer is also used to manage distribution system, advertising and selling activities. It can also be used in deciding pricing strategies. Companies can know more about their customers and their needs and requirements etc.

Stock Exchange
Stock Exchange is the most important place for businessmen. Many stock exchanges use computers to conduct bids. The stockbrokers perform all trading activities electronically. They connect with the computer where brokers match the buyers with sellers. It reduces cost as no paper or special building is required to conduct these activities.

Hospital Management System
Specialized hospital management softwares are used to automate the day to day procedures and operations at hospitals. These tasks may be Online appointments, payroll admittance and discharge records etc.

Patient History
Hospital management systems can store data about patients. Computers are used to store data about patients, their diseases & symptoms, the medicines that are prescribed.

Patients Monitoring
Monitoring systems are installed in medical wards and Intensive care units to monitoring patients continously. These systems can monitor pulse, blood pressure and body temperature and can alert medical staff about any serious situations.

Life Support Systems
Specialised devices are used to help impaired patients like hearing aids.

Diagnosis Purpose
A variety of softwares are used to investigate symptoms and prescribed medication accordingly. Sophisticated systems are used for tests like CT Scan, ECG, and other medical tests.