User:Shakeel Sohil/sandbox

Khah is an indo Aryan language spoken primarily in Ramban district of Jammu and Kashmir.it has 200000 number of speakers.it has three dialects sirazi,zundhari and neeravi.it has various alternate names like khasha,khashali,poguli,pogali,pogli,pugij, Banihali, khah and panchaali.it is the language of khasha tribe who got settled in between jehlam and Chenab.

Khah language Khah (English: /kha:h/ کھاہ) or Khasha/khashah (English: /kha:ʃah/kha:ʃa /    کھاشاہ [ is a language from North Western  Pahari subgroup of Indo-Aryan languages, spoken by around 2 lakh, primarily in the Ramban district of Indian territory of Jammu and Kashmir. There are also speakers in parts of the neighbouring districts Reasi,Udhampur Jammu ,Doda,rajouri, Anantnag and Baramulah districts  of jammu and  Kashmir.

Khah کھاہ The word "Khah" in Perso-Arabic script کھاہand Devanagari Native to India, Pakistan Region Jammu and Kashmir, Azad Kashmir Ethnicity Khasha tribe Native speakers 2 lakh (2011 census) Language family Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan North Western Pahari Khah Writing system Perso-Arabic script (contemporary, official status),[3] Devanagari (contemporary) Official status

Language codes ISO 639 kha Glottolog khah000 This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. Although the official language of Jammu and Kashmir is Urdu, Kashmiri and Dogri is recognised as a regional languages in the state and are also among the 22 scheduled languages of India.other languages and dialects of jammu andkahmir are Shina,Gojri,Pahari,bhaderwahi,Kishtwari,Bhalesi,Padri,Bodhi,Khah,Sirazi,Zundhari, Neeravi,etc

Khah has two word orders  verb-second and verb-final  word order.

Geographic distribution and status Edit There are about 2 lakh  speakers of Khah in Jammu and Kashmir. Most Khah speakers are located in the Ramban district of Jammu and Kashmir.

Khah is also spoken in Udhampur,Reasi,Doda,Jammu,Anantnag,Baramula,Srinagar and Rajouri. The Khah speakers have also settled in Pakistan,America and Soudi Arabia.

The Khah language is one of the lesser known and less documented languages of India, and has been wrongly written as Poguli. Most Khah speakers use Urdu,Kashmiri,Dogri or English as a second language. the Khah language has not been included as  a  subject in all government schools in this region.

Phonology Edit Khah has the following vowel phonemes:

Vowels Edit Front Central Back High i iː - - u uː Mid e eː ə əː o oː Low  - -  a aː ɔ ɔː Consonants Edit Bilabial Dental Alveolar Retroflex Alveolo -palatal Velar Glottal Stop unaspirated  p  b  t  d   ʈ  ɖ    k  ɡ Stop aspirated pʰ  bh  tʰ dh   ʈʰ ɖh   kʰ  gh Fricative    s z  ʃ  h  zh Affricates   ts tsh ʧ ʧh ʤ ʤh Trill  r Flap    ɽ   ɽh Lateral    l Nasal     m   n Archaisms Edit Khah is an indo Aryan language. As this is the language of khasha tribe who migrated from central Asia and finally settled in khashalya/khashali a place in between Vitasta(jehlam) and Chandra bhaga(Chenab) and even upto Kastavata(Kishtwar).so this language has preserved some of the archaic elements for  example, the prefixing form of the number 'two', which is found in Sanskrit as dvi-, has developed into ba-/bi- in most other Indo-Aryan languages, but dva- in Khah (preserving the original dental stop d). twenty two ,thirty two, forty two. Fifty two is dva vih,doytrih doytәlih,duvanzah in Khah.

Certain features in khah even appear to stem from Indo-Aryan even predating the Vedic period. For instance, there was an /s/ > /h/ consonant shift in some words that had already occurred with Vedic Sanskrit (this tendency is even stronger in the Iranian branch of Indo-Iranian), is present in khah. The word rahit in Vedic Sanskrit and modern Hindi-Urdu (meaning 'excluding' or 'without') corresponds to roht in Khah. Similarly, sahit (meaning 'including' or 'with') corresponds to seet in Khah.

Writing system Grammar Edit Khah is an indo Aryan language with verb-second (V2) and verb final word order.Several of Khah grammatical features distinguish it from other  languages.

Nouns Edit Khah nouns are inflected according to gender, number and case. There are no articles, nor is there any grammatical distinction for definiteness, although there is some optional adverbial marking for indefinite or "generic" noun qualities.

Gender Edit The Kashmiri gender system is divided into masculine, feminine and neuter. Feminine forms are typically generated by the addition of a suffix (or in most cases, a morphophonemic change, or both) to a masculine noun.There is relatively small group of feminine nouns have unique suppletion forms that are totally different from the corresponding masculine forms. The following table illustrates the range of possible gender forms:

Process Masculine Feminine Meaning Adding of affixe /gaguɽ/

/gagɽi/

mouse vowel change /koʈ/ /kәʈ/

claf consonant change /mo:r/

/mo:rni/

peacock vowel/consonant change /tot/

/tət/

hot suppletive form /maɽad/

/kuɽhmәn/

man/woman Neuter /do:st/ friend /yatim/

Some nouns borrowed from other languages, such as Persian, Arabic, Sanskrit, Urdu ,kashmiri or English, follow a slightly different gender system. Notably, many words borrowed from Urdu have different genders in Khah.

Case Edit There are four cases in Khah: nominative, dative, ergative and vocative. Case is expressed via suffixation of the noun.Other case distinctions, such as genitive, locative, instrumental and ablative, are marked by postpositions rather than suffixation.

Noun morphology Edit The following table illustrates Khah noun declension according to gender, number and case.

Masc. Sing. Masc. Pl. Fem. Sing. Fem. Pl. Nom. –/un//us//uth//eh//am/ Erg. -/әn,ni//nay/th//ov//m//n/

Dat. -/nay/ /nan //th//nay//m//nay/

Voc. -/aː/

-/e;/

Verbs Edit Khah verbs are declined according to tense and person, and to a lesser extent, gender. Tense, along with certain distinctions of aspect, is formed by the addition of suffixes to the verb stem (minus the infinitive ending - /nu//ni/), and in many cases by the addition of various modal auxiliaries.Postpositions fulfill numerous adverbial and semantic roles.

Tense Edit Present tense in Khah is an auxiliary construction formed by a combination of the copula and the imperfective suffix -/ti/ added to the verb stem. The various copula forms agree with their subject according to gender and number, and are provided below with the verb /likhnu/ (to write);

Present Masculine Feminine 1st Person Sing. /t͡ʃʰos likhti/

/t͡ʃʰas likhti/

2nd Person Sing. /t͡ʃʰos likhti/

/t͡ʃʰas likhti/

3rd Person Sing. /t͡ʃʰu likhti/

/t͡ʃʰi/thi likhti/

1st Person Pl. /t͡ʃʰasam /

/t͡ʃʰasam likhti/

2nd Person Pl. /t͡ʃʰath /

/t͡ʃʰath /

3rd Person Pl. /t͡ʃʰeh likhti/

/t͡ʃʰeh likhti/

Simple Past (Transitive) Masc. Sing. Masc. Pl. Fem. Sing. Fem. Pl. 1st Person /likhtum/ /likhtum/

/likhtun/

/likhtun/

2nd Person

/likhtutʰ/

/likhtutʰ/

/likhtuv/

/likhtuv/ 3rd Person /likhtuәn/

/likhtuәnyeh/

/likhtunay/

/likhtunay/

A group of irregular intransitive verbs (special intransitives), take a different set of endings in addition to the morphophonemic changes that affect most past tense verbs.[52]

Simple future Masc. Sing. Masc. Pl. Fem. Sing. Fem. Pl. 1st Person /likheh//likhun/ /likheh//likhun/ 2nd person /Likhus//likhuth/ Likhus//likhuth/ 3rd person /Likh//likhun/ /likh//likhun/