User:ShanH024/Afforestation in China

Afforestation (simplified Chinese:植树造林; traditional Chinese: 植樹造林; pinyin: zhí shù zào lín) is effective in controlling desertified cultivated land, controlling soil erosion, preventing wind and sand, and increasing soil water storage capacity. It can greatly improve the ecological environment and reduce the loss of flood disasters. As the economic forest gradually enters the mature period, it will produce direct and indirect economic benefits Huge, it can also provide a lot of labor and employment opportunities, and promote the sustainable development of the local economy. The tree planting campaign has strongly promoted the improvement of China's ecological conditions. In 1981, before the campaign started, China’s forest area was 1.729 billion mu, the standing tree stock volume was 10.26 billion cubic meters, and the forest coverage rate was 12%. After years of unremitting struggle, China's forest area has reached 2.62 billion mu, the standing tree stock volume has reached 13.618 billion cubic meters, and the forest coverage rate has increased to 18.21%. As the world's forest resources are declining, China has achieved sustained growth in forest resources. The improvement of forest vegetation conditions not only beautifies homes, reduces the harm of soil erosion and sandstorm to farmland, but also effectively improves the carbon storage capacity of forest ecosystems. According to expert estimates, from 1980 to 2005, through continuous afforestation and forest management activities, China absorbed a net total of 4.68 billion tons of carbon dioxide, and reduced emissions of 430 million tons of carbon dioxide by controlling deforestation. Among them, China’s total carbon dioxide emissions in 1994 was about 3.073 billion tons, and the carbon sequestration in the land use change and forestry sector was about 407 million tons, equivalent to 13.24% of industrial emissions; in 2004, China’s total greenhouse gas emissions were about 61 100 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent, the forest absorbs about 500 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent, which is equivalent to 8% of industrial emissions. China has the largest afforested area in the world. Afforestation not only contributes to increased carbon storage but also alters local albedo and turbulent energy fluxes, which offers feedback on the local and regional climate. This study presents previously unidentified observational evidence of the effect of large-scale afforestation on land surface temperature (LST) in China. Afforestation decreases daytime LST, because of enhanced evapotranspiration, and increases nighttime LST. This nighttime warming tends to offset daytime cooling in dry regions. These results suggest it is necessary to carefully consider where to plant trees to achieve potential climatic benefits in future afforestation projects. Afforestation is a great plan that has been very successful in China since its establishment.

Ancient China
The history of afforestation in China can be traced back to 2,600 years ago. In ancient China, there was a tradition of planting willows during the Qingming Festival.

Modern Times
Sun Yat-sen( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen ) was the first person in modern Chinese history to realize the importance of forests and advocate afforestation. Soon after the establishment of the Nanjing Government of the Republic of China under Sun Yat-sen's interim president, the Ministry of agriculture and forestry was established in May 1912, and the Forestry department was set up under the department of Forestry and forestry to be in charge of the national forestry administration. In November 1914, it promulgated the first "Forest law". In July 1915, under the initiative of Sun Yat-sen, the BeiYang government( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beiyang_government ) at the time officially ordered that the annual Qing Ming Festival( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingming_Festival ) be the Arbor Day, designated locations, and selected tree species. Governments, agencies, and schools across the country will participate as scheduled, and hold the Arbor Day ceremony and engaged in tree planting. After being approved on July 21 of that year, the general order was handled as scheduled throughout the country. Since then, there has been an Arbor Day in our country. On March 12, 1925, Mr. Sun Yat-sen passed away. In 1928, to commemorate the third anniversary of Sun Yat-sen's death, the Nationalist Government held a tree-planting ceremony. In the future, to commemorate Sun Yat-sen, March 12 is designated as the Arbor Day every year.

After the founding of China
Planting afforestation and developing forestry have truly become the strategic tasks of national construction after the founding of New China, and a legal obligation to become a citizen began at the beginning of reform and opening up. In 1956, Mao Zedong( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong ) issued a call for "greening the motherland" and "realizing landscaping". China started the National Voluntary Arbor Day 12-Year Greening Campaign. The goal is to basically eliminate barren land and hills, beside all houses, villages, roads, waters, and barren hills, wherever possible within 12 years. In February 1979 after the founding of the People’s Republic of China, under the proposal of Deng Xiaoping( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping ), the sixth meeting of the Standing Committee of the Fifth National People’s Congress formally adopted the proposal of the State Council. Every year, March 12th is the decided to be Chinese Arbor Day. The significance of this resolution is to mobilize people of all ethnic groups across the country to actively plant trees and afforestation, speed up the pace of greening the motherland and various forestry construction. On December 13, 1981, the Fourth Session of the Fifth National People's Congress discussed and passed the "Resolution on Carrying out the National Voluntary Tree Planting Campaign." This is the first major resolution made by the China’s highest authority on the greening of the country since the founding of the country. The resolution pointed out that wherever conditions are met, citizens of the People’s Republic of China who have reached the age of 11, with the exception of the elderly, the weak, sick, and the disabled, are voluntarily planting 3 to 5 trees per year, or completing the corresponding amount of labor for nursery and management and other greening tasks. In September 1984, the Seventh Session of the Standing Committee of the Sixth National People's Congress passed the amendments to the General Provisions of the Forest Law of the People's Republic of China, which stipulated: "Afforestation and forest protection are the obligations of citizens", thus bringing afforestation into the scope of the law. On March 12, 1990, the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications issued a set of 4 "Greening the Motherland" stamps. The first was "Planting Trees for All People". Used to commemorate the effectiveness of the tree planting campaign.

Under the climate crisis
Although China is the largest energy consumer and carbon emitter in the world, it also has experienced the largest increase in green leaf area, as evidenced from 2007 to 2017 when it hit 66.156 million hectares, accounting for 6.891% of the country’s total land area. This study considered carbon sequestration in afforestation and introduced it as an exogenous variable into a modified dynamic Slacks-Based Measure (SBM) model to find the change in China’s energy and carbon emissions efficiency. Different from previous studies, China’s western region had the best efficiency value of 0.718, while the eastern and central regions were 0.699 and 0.590. In some provinces with more restoration of trees, their efficiency value changed greatly, such as Yunnan, Qinghai, Inner Mongolia and Guizhou. The results highlighted that afforestation has become the most effective strategy for China to improve energy and carbon emissions efficiency and for dealing with climate change, which can be ensured through carbon tax and market mechanism policies.

Soil and water conservation
It is extremely important to plant trees and forestry, returning farmland and ecological reconstruction. The tree planting can keep soil, where the vegetation coverage is low, where there will be a large number of sediments in the river every rainy season, destroy the fields, and put the riverbed, and the seaport is great. To suppress soil erosion, it is necessary to plant trees, because the trees have a huge root like a crown, can firmly grasp the soil like a giant hand. The moisture of the seized soil has been continuously absorbed by the roots. According to statistics, an acre tree is about 20 tons more than 10 tons than the non-forest region. The tree planting is dealing with the cultivated land of the sand, controlling soil loss, wind-resistant sand, increase soil water storage capacity, can greatly improve the ecological environment, reduce the loss of flood disasters, and with economic forests enter maturity, direct economic benefits and indirect economic benefits It is huge, and it can also provide a large number of labor and employment opportunities to promote the sustainable development of the local economy.

Resist wind and sand
Planting forest can prevent the wind. Where the winds sand, the idyllic will be buried and the city will become ruins. To resist the attack of the sand, it is necessary to protect the forest to reduce the strength of the weak wind. Once the wind meets the protective forest, the speed should be reduced by 70% to 80%. If there is a certain distance, many forest belts are arranged in parallel, and then grass, so the gravel that winds can be reduced.

Economic development
Forest harvesting is highly regulated. It is usually common for governments to put a ban on forest harvesting, which can be detrimental for a business that fully relies on forest supplies. Afforestation provides people and businesses with reliable alternative sources of forest supplies.

Clear air pollution

According to statistics, an acre wood can absorb the dust of 20,000 to 60,000 kilograms for more than one year. It can absorb 67 kg of carbon dioxide every day, release 48 kg of oxygen; one month can absorb toxic gas sulfur dioxide 4 kg, an acre Song Berlin two days and night energy secretion 2 Kill killing, killing pulmonary tuberculosis, typhoid, dipyroscopy, etc. Trees are particularly effective at removing particulate matter (PM). PM comes in the form of tiny particles of organic chemicals, acids, metals and dust, emitted from fossil-fuel-burning vehicles and factories, as well as construction sites. The largest of these particles measure up to 10 micrometers across (known as PM10s), which is around a fifth of the width of a human hair. Then there are PM2.5s, measuring 2.5 micrometres across, and even smaller nanoparticle pollution.

Temperature control

The temperature under the shade of summer trees is about 10℃ lower than that on the open ground, and it is 2-3℃ higher in winter. Afforestation is found to decrease daytime LST by about 1.1 ± 0.5 °C (mean ± 1 SD) and to increase nighttime LST by about 0.2 ± 0.5 °C, on average. The observed daytime cooling is a result of increased evapotranspiration. The nighttime warming is found to increase with latitude and decrease with average rainfall. Afforestation in dry regions therefore leads to net warming, as daytime cooling is offset by nighttime warming.

Natural dust collector

There are many small hairs and mucus on the leaves, which can absorb harmful particles such as carbon and sulfide in the smoke and dust, as well as harmful substances such as germs and viruses, and can also greatly reduce and reduce the dust in the air. One hectare of lawn can absorb it every year More than 30 tons of smoke and dust. Therefore, people call green plants "natural dust collectors".

Make oxygen

Leaves can absorb carbon dioxide in the sun and produce oxygen for the human body. According to measurements, one hectare of broad-leaved forest absorbs about one ton of carbon dioxide every day and releases 700 kg of oxygen. It takes six molecules of CO2 to produce one molecule of glucose by photosynthesis, and six molecules of oxygen are released as a by-product. A glucose molecule contains six carbon atoms, so that’s a net gain of one molecule of oxygen for every atom of carbon added to the tree. A mature sycamore tree might be around 12m tall and weigh two tonnes, including the roots and leaves. If it grows by five per cent each year, it will produce around 100kg of wood, of which 38kg will be carbon. Allowing for the relative molecular weights of oxygen and carbon, this equates to 100kg of oxygen per tree per year.

Kill bacteria

Pine, camphor, elm and other trees can secrete bactericides to kill bacteria such as tubercle bacillus and diphtheria bacillus. For example, camphor tree can emit a kind of fragrance, this fragrance is mainly emitted from camphor oil, and camphor oil itself is the main raw material for making camphor, which has the effect of killing poison and purifying. The main components of its aroma are pine oil bicyclic hydrocarbons, camphorene, limonene, eugenol and other chemicals. These gases themselves can sterilize and repel insects.

Noise reduction

Greening can also absorb sound waves and reduce noise. In cities and towns with concentrated populations and rapid development of transportation and industrial and mining enterprises, noise is becoming more and more serious to humans. According to data records, noise below 50 decibels has no effect on people. When the noise reaches 70 decibels, it will cause obvious harm to people. If the noise exceeds 90 decibels, people will not be able to work for a long time. In many cities in China, there are many environments where noise exceeds 70 decibels. Therefore, as a public hazard, noise has attracted widespread attention and various measures have been taken to reduce noise. Afforestation is a good way to achieve multiple results. Vegetation reduces noise pollution through a phenomenon called sound attenuation, which is the reduction of sound intensity. Normal attenuation of sound occurs as the energy of sound dissipates over long distances until not enough energy is left to vibrate air molecules. Vegetation hastens the normal attenuation mechanisms of absorption, deflection, refraction, and masking. Leaves, twigs, and branches on trees, shrubs, and herbaceous growth absorb and deflect sound energy. Refraction of sound waves occurs when sound passes through vegetative barriers and bends around plant structures. Vegetation generates masking sounds, as leaves rustle, branches sway, and stems creak. Sounds of wildlife attracted to urban vegetation, such as birds and insects, also mask noise pollution.(8) From scientific experiments, it is known that the forest trees in the park can reduce the noise by 5--40 decibels, which is 5-25 decibels lower than the natural attenuation of the open area at the same distance from the sound source; the car tweeter is passing through 40 meters wide The multi-level forest belt composed of lawns, shrubs, and trees can reduce noise by 10-15 decibels, which is 4 decibels more than the natural attenuation in open areas. Planting trees on urban streets can also reduce noise by 7-10 decibels. , Practice has proved that planting green trees, flowers and grass on urban streets, open fields and house courtyards can reduce noise pollution. From the effect of forest trees on preventing noise, the wider and denser the forest belt, the better. Scientific research believes that in cities, there must be at least 6 meters wide and 10 meters high forest belts. The noise reduction effect is obvious, and the forest belts should not be too far away from the sound source, generally between 6 and 15 meters. In order to improve the perennial effect of greening to reduce noise, we should try our best to choose evergreen tree species, mainly trees, shrubs, flowers and grasses combined to form a multi-level anechoic forest belt, the effect will be better.

Afforestation tree species
Black locust( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinia_pseudoacacia )

It is a deciduous tree belonging to the genus Robinia of the Papilionaceae family. Its flowers, bark and leaves are widely used. It grows rapidly, the trunk is straight and full, the crown is narrow, the stipules are small and soft, the stipules are small and soft in the first 2 years, and the stalks basically fall off after 3 years, the leaf color is dark green, the flower color is white, and the fragrance is pleasant. The fast-growing and high-yielding tree species.Planted in Hunan, Hubei, Shandong, Henan and other provinces, cities and regions across China.

Taxus chinensis( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxus_chinensis )

Taxus chinensis is one of the peculiar components in the subtropical to warm temperate zone of China, and it is often distributed in broad-leaved forests. Shade-tolerant tree species, like warm and humid climate, usually grow in relatively humid places in the foothills. It grows naturally in valleys, streams, and gentle slopes at an altitude of 1,000 meters or below in humus-rich acid soils. It requires high-fertility yellow soil, yellow-brown soil, neutral soil, and calcareous soil to grow. Tolerant to drought and barrenness, intolerant to low-lying stagnant water. It has strong adaptability to climate, with an average annual temperature of 11～16℃, and the lowest extreme value can reach -11℃. It has strong budding ability. Budding twigs are more common on the trunk, but the growth is relatively slow. Few pests and diseases, long lifespan.

Pinus massoniana( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_massoniana )

Masson pine positive tree species, intolerant of shade, like light and warm. It is suitable for annual average temperature of 13～22℃, annual precipitation of 800～1800mm, and absolute minimum temperature of less than -10℃. The root system is well-developed, the main root is obvious, and there are root fungi. The soil requirements are not strict, and they like slightly acidic soil, but they are afraid of waterlogging and are not tolerant to saline and alkali. They can grow on the thin scouring ground of gravel soil, sandy soil, clay, ridges and sun slopes, as well as steep rocky mountains and rock cracks.

The significance of afforestation in China
March 12th is China's Arbor Day, but if the number 12 is reversed, it is the Arbor Day in some other countries. March 21st is the World Forestry Festival. This festival was initiated by Spain at the Tenerife Conference of the European Agricultural Union in 1971 and was unanimously approved by the conference. In November of the same year, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations officially confirmed it, so many countries set this day as their national Arbor Day or Tree Planting Day.

Some scholars have calculated the ecological value of a tree: a 50-year-old tree has a cumulative value of approximately US$196,000. Regardless of whether this calculation is accurate or not, it is indeed obvious in terms of the practical value of the trees. A tree can produce 200 kilograms of pulp, and if the pulp is to produce toilet paper, at least 750 rolls of toilet paper weighing 100 grams are required. In cities, a tree can store pollutants emitted by a car driving 16 kilometers a year. . Many trees can absorb harmful gases. For example, 1 hectare of cedar forest can absorb 60 kilograms of sulfur dioxide per day. Others such as Ailanthus altissima, oleander, ginkgo, sycamore, etc. have the function of absorbing sulfur dioxide. When the urban green area reaches more than 50%, the pollutants in the atmosphere can be effectively controlled.Urban forests can increase air humidity. An adult tree can evaporate 400 kilograms of water a day, so the air humidity in the forest rises significantly. According to calculations, for every 1% increase in the urban green area, the local summer temperature can drop by 0.1°C.Urban forest belts and green hedges have the effect of reducing noise. The 30-meter-wide forest belt can reduce noise by 6 to 8 decibels.There are 3.5 bacteria per cubic meter of the atmosphere in forest areas, and 34,000 in densely populated cities lacking greenery. Urban streets with trees contain about 80% less pathogenic bacteria in the atmosphere than urban streets without trees. The urban shelterbelt has the effect of slowing down the wind speed, and its effective range is within 40 times the height of the tree, and the best effect is within the range of 10-20 times, which can reduce the wind speed by 50%.In the farmland forest network, the wind speed can usually be slowed by 30% to 40%, the relative humidity can be increased by 5% to 15%, and the soil moisture content can be increased by 10% to 20%. According to measurements, the forest canopy can intercept about 20% of the rainfall, which greatly weakens the impact of raindrops; as long as there are 1 cm thick litter on the ground, the surface runoff can be reduced to less than 1/4 of the bare land, and the sediment will be reduced to Less than 7% of bare land.Compared with bare land, one hectare of woodland can store at least 3000 cubic meters of water. The water storage capacity of 10,000 mu of forest is equivalent to a reservoir with a water storage capacity of 1 million cubic meters, and the construction of such a reservoir requires an investment of more than 10 million yuan.

China afforestation plan
Million Trees( https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/百萬森林計劃 )

The Million Trees Project is a joint initiative of the Climate Group, China Green Foundation and the United Nations Environment Programme. The goal is to plant a million sea-buckthorn trees and help the population in the climate-poor areas in western China improve the ecological environment and increase their income with the aid standard of 5 mu (400 yuan per mu) for each poor rural household. The farmer is the owner of the seabuckthorn tree and obtains income by selling the seabuckthorn fruit to the local juice extraction factory at the market purchase price.

Ant Forest( https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/蚂蚁森林 )

Ant Forest is a public welfare action designed by the Alipay client for the first phase of the "carbon account": users walk, travel by subway, pay online utility bills, pay online traffic tickets, online registration, online ticket purchases, etc., which will reduce the corresponding behavior. The carbon emissions can be used to raise a virtual tree in Alipay. After this tree grows up, non-profit organizations, environmental protection companies and other ant ecological partners can "buy" the virtual "tree" users planted in the ant forest, and plant a physical tree in a certain area in reality.

Alipay’s online and mobile payment platform is used by more than a billion people to pay for everything from groceries, to bike rentals, to wealth management products. In August 2016, the Chinese company turned the power of its digital technology to promote climate action. The Alipay Ant Forest project, launched on the company’s mobile app, rewards its users with “green energy points” each time they take a step to reduce their emissions, such as by biking to work, going paperless and buying sustainable products. These green energy points grow into a virtual tree on the user’s app, which Alipay matches by planting a real tree or protecting a conservation area, in partnership with local NGOs.

A Great Green wall( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(China))

Since the inception of the PRC there have been efforts to use tree planting to improve the livelihoods of rural communities. In 1978, as part of the Reform era, Beijing initiated a major campaign to slow desertification and halt the expansion of the Gobi Desert. Known as the “Three Norths Shelterbelt” the project is one of the world’s largest afforestation efforts and consists of a series of tree plantations stretching in a vast arc across Northern China with a planned completion date of 2050. President Xi Jinping has come out as a strong advocate of a nationwide tree planting drive in national media, even taking part in tree planting efforts himself.

Afforestation efforts are not limited to northern China, though it is in this region that the Chinese government has expended immense human and financial resources to reverse environmental degradation. And there is good reason to keep a close watch on woodland management. In 1987, a massive forest fire began in Daxing’anling prefecture in Heilongjiang province, along the Northeastern edge of the Three Norths Shelterbelt devastating a vast swathe of territory and raging for nearly a month. Some 200 people lost their lives in the first hours of the firestorm and thousands were left homeless. The regional government has since then been on guard with specially trained personnel to prevent forest fires of a similar scale.

Forty years forestation

In 1978, in order to protect the three regions of North China, Northwest and Northeast affected by sandstorms blown by the Gobi Desert, the state launched the "Three Norths" Shelter Forest Project. The goal was to plant 35 million hectares of new trees in northern China by 2050. . In the following 40 years, tree planting has become an activity that is loved by individuals and the public sector to deal with climate change.

Return farmland to forest(RFFP)

China’s tuigeng huanlin or “Returning Farmland to Forest” (RFFP) program has been widely praised as the world’s largest and most successful payment for ecosystem services program, as well as a major contributor to China’s dramatic increase in forest cover from perhaps as low as 8% in 1960 to about 21% today. By compensating rural households for the conversion of marginal farmland to forestland and fi- nancing the afforestation of barren mountainsides, the pro- gram, in addition to expanding forestland, aims to reduce soil erosion and alleviate poverty. There is no doubt that when the RFFP and other refores- tation programs were started in the late 1990s, China’s forests were inadequate, and that reforestation programs, judiciously applied, could have positive ecological, eco- nomic, and social effects at national and regional scales, and that if they had been applied differentially according to community needs, they could have had almost uni- formly positive local effects as well. There is also little doubt that programs such as the RFFP have contributed to the expansion of China’s forested area in the last decade and a half, as well as retarding erosion, beginning soil formation, and adding to the standing stock that will be available for sustainable lumbering in the coming decades.

Reforestation

China is carrying out a large-scale tree planting program to revitalize its forest and timber industry, protect the soil, stop deforestation, and reduce dependence on imported wood. Since the 1970s, the government has planted millions of trees and turned large tracts of land into officially barren land into forests. This effort is mainly to control flooding and erosion, but it also combats global warming by absorbing nearly 5 billion tons of carbon dioxide each year. On the basis of reducing carbon emissions, China's huge tree planting efforts offset deforestation in Brazil and Indonesia. In Asia, China's tree-planting plan greatly offset the deforestation in other parts of Asia, resulting in a net increase in the area of ​​forest land in the Asia-Pacific region between 2000 and 2005.

China's land issue

Erosion and Salinization

Logging, overgrazing and poor land use cause erosion which in turn causes lakes and rivers to silt up, arable land to be eaten away, and flooding to increase because vegetation that catches rainwater and slows its flow into rivers is gone. Waterlogging and salinization affect 23 percent of the irrigated land in China and significantly reduce production on an estimated 15 percent of China's irrigated land. An estimated 6 million acres of land has been damaged by salt.

Desertification

According to materials published by the Office of Desertification Prevention and Control of the State Forestry Administration in 1998, China is one of the countries with serious desertification in the world. According to the results of the national survey of deserts, Gobi and desertified lands and desertification surveys, China's desertified land area is 2.622 million square kilometers, accounting for 27.4% of the country's land area, and nearly 400 million people are affected by desertification. According to research on international cooperation projects between China, the United States, and Canada, China’s direct economic losses due to desertification are approximately RMB 54.1 billion.(19)

China's afforestation's impact on the world climate crisis


China's afforestation plan undoubtedly slowed the development of the world climate crisis. China's proactive policy of tree-planting has been recognized globally as playing a significant role in reducing global warming. The country's land biosphere has huge potential for what are known as carbon land sinks, where trees can take in and store CO2. A recent study in the journal Nature suggested that currently, China's greenery is responsible for taking in 45 percent of the country's carbon emissions annually. The country has made a strong commitment to move to complete carbon pollution neutrality by 2060, a move that would help drastically reduce the rate at which the planet's temperature is rising. Professor Yi Liu from the Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences said in a statement: "Achieving China's net-zero target by 2060, recently announced by President Xi Jinping, will involve a massive change in energy production and also the growth of sustainable land carbon sinks. "(14) The carbon dioxide absorbed by China’s afforestation should not be underestimated.According to researchers, the land biosphere over northeast China is seasonal, so it takes up carbon during the growing season, but emits carbon otherwise. This evens out to a net annual uptake of -0.05 petagrams per year, representing about 4.5 percent of the Chinese land carbon sink. To reach this conclusion, the researchers relied on a “range of ground-based and satellite data-driven evidence.”China's huge and consistent efforts in reforestation to deal with soil erosion, air pollution and climate change has also contributed to global environmental protection, Chinese analysts said as NASA released data to prove China's major contributions to global forestation. The researchers found that the global green leaf area has increased by 5 percent since the early 2000s, an area equivalent to the Amazon rainforests. At least 25 percent of that gain came in China.

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