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Sand lizard
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The sand lizard (Lacerta agilis ), where Lacerta means lizard, and agilia means mobile, agile or swift. It is listed in the IUCN Red List as "Least Concern" species, and its population trend is decreasing. It is distributed across most of Europe including England, France, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, southern Sweden, Germany, Austria, north-western Yugoslavia, Hungary Czechoslovakia, Poland, Western Russia and eastwards to Mongolia and northwest China. It does not occur in the Iberian peninsula or European Turkey. Its distribution is often patchy.

Description
Sand lizard is generally shorted-legged with a short, deep head. It has a long body and a relatively long tail. Its coloration varies greatly. Adult sand lizards often have light broken central line on their bodies, with light spots. For males, there might be green or yellow flanks on their skins. For females, their skins generally turn grey or brown, rarely with green, which makes them differ from males. Juveniles look similar to the adults, but no green coloration. There are also exceptions, such as all-black sand lizards, female with green or even red coloration, continuous white central line, or all-green.

Male adults may reach a total body length of 19.3 cm, where female adults may reach 18.5 cm.

It has several subspecies, the westernmost of which is L. a. agilis. In this and the other main western subspecies (L. a. argus), the dorsal stripe is thin and interrupted, or not present at all. This applies particularly to the latter subspecies, which also includes a plain red or brown-backed phase without any dorsal markings. In these two subspecies, only the flanks of the males turn green in the mating season, but in the eastern subspecies (predominantly L. a. exigua), males can be wholly green, even outside the breeding season.

Most of these lizards live in Eastern Europe. They are mostly common in Poland, Czech Republic, and countries around that area. They bask on rocks in the day and at night they go into their holes under ground. To protect themselves, they pop off their tails and bite the predators.

Habitat
Sand Lizard can be found in a wide range of habitat types including meadows, heathland, grassland, shrubland, open woodland and agricultural area. Sometimes, it also lives in desert area.

In the UK, the sand lizard is largely restricted to lowland heathlands and sand dunes in Southern England, and to the coastal sand dunes of Northwest England and Wales. It also occupies a range of man-made habitats within these areas, including railway lines, roadsides, brownfield sites and field boundaries.

Predators and Competitors
Sand Lizards are preyed by a large range of predators such as mustelids, foxes, badgers, birds, and snakes. Besides of wild predators, domestic species, such as pheasants, chickens, and cats.

Conservation status
It is regarded as threatened and is strictly protected under UK law – as it is throughout most of Europe (it is a European Protected Species). This is in contrast to L. a. exigua, whose Russian name translates as the "common lizard". The UK Amphibian and Reptile Conservation Trust coordinates conservation action for the sand lizard, including a successful captive-breeding and reintroduction programe.

Sand Lizard is facing multiple threats including habitat destruction, habitat degradation, habitat fragmentation, lack of habitat management, inappropriate habitat management right now. Although UK has making the protection of sand lizard as a law, there are still actions needed to be taken, including habitat protection, habitat management, species protection, species management, distribution surveys, population and conservation status monitoring, scientific research, and public awareness.

Reproduction
Generally, males reaches sexual maturity at a smaller size compared with females. Vitellogenesis happens when females are 45 days for the whole population. Both sexes tend to lose body fat during mating period, since their main energy resources come from body fat and from the liver and proximal at the tail. After a few weeks from the hibernation, male adults become extremely aggressive towards each other, trying to mate as many as females as they can.

The female sand lizard lays eggs in loose sand in a sunny location, leaving them to be incubated by the warmth of the ground.

Inbreeding avoidance
When a female sand lizard mates with two or more males, sperm competition within the female's reproductive tract may occur. Active selection of sperm by females appears to occur in a manner that enhances female fitness. On the basis of this selective process, the sperm of males that are more distantly related to the female are preferentially used for fertilization, rather than the sperm of close relatives. This preference may enhance the fitness of progeny by reducing inbreeding depression.