User:Shashank73734/sandbox

Banner logo Less than 50% of internet users in your country know about Wikipedia. How would you inspire new readers? Share your idea Hide This is a good article. Follow the link for more information. Swami Vivekananda From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Swami Vivekananda (disambiguation). Swami Vivekanand Black and white image of an Indian man, facing left with his arms folded and wearing a turban Vivekananda in Chicago, September 1893. On the left, Vivekananda wrote: "one infinite pure and holy – beyond thought beyond qualities I bow down to thee".[1] Religion	Hinduism Founder of	Ramakrishna Mission (1897) Ramakrishna Math Philosophy	Modern Vedanta,[2][3] Rāja yoga[3] Personal Nationality	Indian Born	Narendranath Datta 12 January 1863 Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, British India (present-day Kolkata, West Bengal, India) Died	4 July 1902 (aged 39) Belur Math, Bengal Presidency, British India (present-day West Bengal, India) Guru	Ramakrishna Disciple(s)	Ashokananda, Virajananda, Paramananda, Alasinga Perumal, Abhayananda, Sister Nivedita, Swami Sadananda Literary works	Raja Yoga, Karma Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, Jnana Yoga, My Master, Lectures from Colombo to Almora Influenced	Subhas Chandra Bose, Aurobindo Ghose, Bagha Jatin, Mahatma Gandhi, Rabindranath Tagore, Chakravarti Rajagopalachari, Jawaharlal Nehru, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Jamsetji Tata, Nikola Tesla, Sarah Bernhardt, Emma Calvé, Jagadish Chandra Bose, Annie Besant, Romain Rolland, Narendra Modi, Anna Hazare Signature	Swami-Vivekanda-Signature-transparent.png Quotation "Arise, awake, and stop not till the goal is reached" (more in Wikiquote) Swami Vivekananda (Bengali: [ʃami bibekanɔnd̪o] (About this sound listen); 12 January 1863 – 4 July 1902), born Narendranath Datta (Bengali: [nɔrend̪ronat̪ʰ d̪ɔt̪o]), was an Indian Hindu monk, a chief disciple of the 19th-century Indian mystic Ramakrishna. [4][5] He was a key figure in the introduction of the Indian philosophies of Vedanta and Yoga to the Western world[6][7] and is credited with raising interfaith awareness, bringing Hinduism to the status of a major world religion during the late 19th century.[8] He was a major force in the revival of Hinduism in India, and contributed to the concept of nationalism in colonial India.[9] Vivekananda founded the Ramakrishna Math and the Ramakrishna Mission.[7] He is perhaps best known for his speech which began, "Sisters and brothers of America ...,"[10] in which he introduced Hinduism at the Parliament of the World's Religions in Chicago in 1893.

Born into an aristocratic Bengali family of Calcutta, Vivekananda was inclined towards spirituality. He was influenced by his guru, Ramakrishna, from whom he learnt that all living beings were an embodiment of the divine self; therefore, service to God could be rendered by service to mankind. After Ramakrishna's death, Vivekananda toured the Indian subcontinent extensively and acquired first-hand knowledge of the conditions prevailing in British India. He later travelled to the United States, representing India at the 1893 Parliament of the World's Religions. Vivekananda conducted hundreds of public and private lectures and classes, disseminating tenets of Hindu philosophy in the United States, England and Europe. In India, Vivekananda is regarded as a patriotic saint and his birthday is celebrated there as National Youth Day.

Contents [hide] 1	Early life (1863–88) 1.1	Birth and childhood 2	Education 2.1	Spiritual apprenticeship - influence of Brahmo Samaj 2.2	With Ramakrishna 2.3	Finding of first Ramakrishna Math at Baranagar 2.4	Monastic vows 3	Travels in India (1888–93) 4	First visit to the West (1893–97) 4.1	Parliament of the World's Religions 4.2	Lecture tours in the UK and US 5	Back in India (1897–99) 6	Second visit to the West and final years (1899–1902) 7	Death 8	Teachings and philosophy 9	Influence and legacy 10	Works 10.1	Lectures 10.2	Literary works 10.3	Publications 11	See also 12	Notes 13	References 14	Sources 14.1	Printed sources 14.2	Web-sources 15	Further reading 16	External links Early life (1863–88) Birth and childhood A Bengali woman, sitting Vivekananda as a wandering monk (left) Bhubaneswari Devi (1841–1911); "I am indebted to my mother for the efflorescence of my knowledge."[11] – Vivekananda (right) 3, Gourmohan Mukherjee Street, birthplace of Vivekananda, now converted into a museum and cultural centre Vivekananda was born Narendranath Datta (shortened to Narendra or Naren)[12] in a kayastha family [13] [14]at his ancestral home at 3 Gourmohan Mukherjee Street in Calcutta,[15] the capital of British India, on 12 January 1863 during the Makar Sankranti festival.[16] He belonged to a traditional family and was one of nine siblings.[17] His father, Vishwanath Datta, was an attorney at the Calcutta High Court.[18][19] Durgacharan Datta, Narendra's grandfather was a Sanskrit and Persian scholar[20] who left his family and became a monk at age twenty-five.[21] His mother, Bhubaneswari Devi, was a devout housewife.[20] The progressive, rational attitude of Narendra's father and the religious temperament of his mother helped shape his thinking and personality.[22][23]

Narendranath was interested in spirituality from a young age and used to meditate before the images of deities such as Shiva, Rama, Sita, and Mahavir Hanuman.[24] He was fascinated by wandering ascetics and monks.[23] Naren was naughty and restless as a child, and his parents often had difficulty controlling him. His mother said, "I prayed to Shiva for a son and he has sent me one of his ghosts".[21]

Education In 1871, at the age of eight, Narendranath enrolled at Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar's Metropolitan Institution, where he went to school until his family moved to Raipur in 1877.[25] In 1879, after his family's return to Calcutta, he was the only student to receive first-division marks in the Presidency College entrance examination. [26] He was an avid reader in a wide range of subjects, including philosophy, religion, history, social science, art and literature.[27] He was also interested in Hindu scriptures, including the Vedas, the Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata and the Puranas. Narendra was trained in Indian classical music,[28] and regularly participated in physical exercise, sports and organised activities. Narendra studied Western logic, Western philosophy and European history at the General Assembly's Institution (now known as the Scottish Church College).[29] In 1881 he passed the Fine Arts examination, and completed a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1884.[30][31] Narendra studied the works of David Hume, Immanuel Kant, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Baruch Spinoza, Georg W. F. Hegel, Arthur Schopenhauer, Auguste Comte, John Stuart Mill and Charles Darwin.[32][33] He became fascinated with the evolutionism of Herbert Spencer and corresponded with him,[34][35] translating Spencer's book Education (1861) into Bengali.[36] While studying Western philosophers, he also learned Sanskrit scriptures and Bengali literature.[33] William Hastie (principal of General Assembly's Institution) wrote, "Narendra is really a genius. I have travelled far and wide but I have never come across a lad of his talents and possibilities, even in German universities, among philosophical students' Some accounts have called Narendra a shrutidhara (a person with a prodigious memory).[citation needed]

Spiritual apprenticeship - influence of Brahmo Samaj See also: Swami Vivekananda and meditation In 1880 Narendra joined Keshab Chandra Sen's Nava Vidhan, which was established by Sen after meeting Ramakrishna and reconverting from Christianity to Hinduism.[37] Narendra became a member of a Freemasonry lodge "at some point before 1884"[38] and of the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj in his twenties, a breakaway faction of the Brahmo Samaj led by Keshab Chandra Sen and Debendranath Tagore.[37][29][39][40] From 1881 to 1884 he was also active in Sen's Band of Hope, which tried to discourage youths from smoking and drinking.[37]

It was in this cultic[41] milieu that Narendra became acquainted with Western esotericism.[42] His initial beliefs were shaped by Brahmo concepts, which included belief in a formless God and the deprecation of idolatry,[24][43] and a "streamlined, rationalized, monotheistic theology strongly coloured by a selective and modernistic reading of the Upanisads and of the Vedanta."[44] Rammohan Roy, the founder of the Brahmo Samaj who was strongly influenced by unitarianism, strived toward an universalistic interpretation of Hinduism.[44] His ideas were "altered [...] considerably" by Debendranath Tagore, who had a romantic approach to the development of these new doctrines, and questioned central Hindu beliefs like reincarnation and karma, and rejected the authority of the Vedas.[45] Tagore also brought this "neo-Hinduism" closer in line with western esotericism, a development which was furthered by Keshubchandra Sen.[46] Sen was influenced by transcendentalism, an American philosophical-religious movement strongly connected with unitarianism, which emphasised personal religious experience over mere reasoning and theology.[47] Sen strived to "an accessible, non-renunciatory, everyman type of spirituality", introducing "lay systems of spiritual practice" which can be regarded as prototypes of the kind of Yoga-exercises which Vivekananda popularised in the west.[48]

The same search for direct intuition and understanding can be seen with Vivekananda. Not satisfied with his knowledge of philosophy, Narendra came to "the question which marked the real beginning of his intellectual quest for God."[39] He asked several prominent Calcutta residents if they had come "face to face with God", but none of their answers satisfied him.[49][31] At this time, Narendra met Debendranath Tagore (the leader of Brahmo Samaj) and asked if he had seen God. Instead of answering his question, Tagore said "My boy, you have the Yogi's eyes."[39][36] According to Banhatti, it was Ramakrishna who really answered Narendra's question, by saying "Yes, I see Him as I see you, only in an infinitely intenser sense."[39] Nevertheless, Vivekananda was more influenced by the Brahmo Samaj's and its new ideas, than by Ramakrishna.[48] It was Sen's influence who brought Vivekananda fully into contact with western esotericism, and it was also via Sen that he met Ramakrishna.[50]

With Ramakrishna Main article: Relationship between Ramakrishna and Swami Vivekananda See also: Swami Vivekananda's prayer to Kali at Dakshineswar In 1881 Narendra first met Ramakrishna, who became his spiritual focus after his own father had died in 1884.[51]

Narendra's first introduction to Ramakrishna occurred in a literature class at General Assembly's Institution when he heard Professor William Hastie lecturing on William Wordsworth's poem, The Excursion.[43] While explaining the word "trance" in the poem, Hastie suggested that his students visit Ramakrishna of Dakshineswar to understand the true meaning of trance. This prompted some of his students (including Narendra) to visit Ramakrishna.[52][53][54]

Image of Ramakrishna, sitting. Ramakrishna, guru of Vivekananda Image of Vivekananda, sitting in meditative posture, eyes opened Vivekananda in Cossipore 1886 They probably first met personally in November 1881,[note 1] though Narendra did not consider this their first meeting, and neither man mentioned this meeting later.[52] At this time Narendra was preparing for his upcoming F. A. examination, when Ram Chandra Datta accompanied him to Surendra Nath Mitra's, house where Ramakrishna was invited to deliver a lecture.[56] According to Paranjape, at this meeting Ramakrishna asked young Narendra to sing. Impressed by his singing talent, he asked Narendra to come to Dakshineshwar.[57]

In late 1881 or early 1882, Narendra went to Dakshineswar with two friends and met Ramakrishna.[52] This meeting proved to be a turning point in his life.[58] Although he did not initially accept Ramakrishna as his teacher and rebelled against his ideas, he was attracted by his personality and began to frequently visit him at Dakshineswar.[59] He initially saw Ramakrishna's ecstasies and visions as "mere figments of imagination"[22] and "hallucinations".[60] As a member of Brahmo Samaj, he opposed idol worship, polytheism and Ramakrishna's worship of Kali.[61] He even rejected the Advaita Vedanta of "identity with the absolute" as blasphemy and madness, and often ridiculed the idea.[60] Narendra tested Ramakrishna, who faced his arguments patiently: "Try to see the truth from all angles", he replied.[59]

Narendra's father's sudden death in 1884 left the family bankrupt; creditors began demanding the repayment of loans, and relatives threatened to evict the family from their ancestral home. Narendra, once a son of a well-to-do family, became one of the poorest students in his college.[62] He unsuccessfully tried to find work and questioned God's existence,[63] but found solace in Ramakrishna and his visits to Dakshineswar increased.[64]

One day Narendra requested Ramakrishna to pray to goddess Kali for their family's financial welfare. Ramakrishna suggested him to go to the temple himself and pray. Following Ramakrishna's suggestion, he went to the temple thrice, but failed to pray for any kind of worldly necessities and ultimately prayed for true knowledge and devotion from the goddess.[65][66][67] Narendra gradually grew ready to renounce everything for the sake of realising God, and accepted Ramakrishna as his Guru.[59]

In 1885, Ramakrishna developed throat cancer, and was transferred to Calcutta and (later) to a garden house in Cossipore. Narendra and Ramakrishna's other disciples took care of him during his last days, and Narendra's spiritual education continued. At Cossipore, he experienced Nirvikalpa samadhi.[68] Narendra and several other disciples received ochre robes from Ramakrishna, forming his first monastic order.[69] He was taught that service to men was the most effective worship of God.[22][68] Ramakrishna asked him to care for the other monastic disciples, and in turn asked them to see Narendra as their leader.[70] Ramakrishna died in the early-morning hours of 16 August 1886 in Cossipore.[70][71]

Finding of first Ramakrishna Math at Baranagar Main article: Baranagar Math After Ramakrishna's death, his devotees and admirers stopped supporting his disciples.[citation needed] Unpaid rent accumulated, and Narendra and the other disciples had to find a new place to live.[72] Many returned home, adopting a Grihastha (family-oriented) way of life.[73] Narendra decided to convert a dilapidated house at Baranagar into a new math (monastery) for the remaining disciples. Rent for the Baranagar Math was low, raised by "holy begging" (mādhukarī). The math became the first building of the Ramakrishna Math: the monastery of the monastic order of Ramakrishna.[58] Narendra and other disciples used to spend many hours in practising meditation and religious austerities every day.[74] Narendra later reminisced about the early days of the monastery:[75]

We underwent a lot of religious practice at the Baranagar Math. We used to get up at 3:00 am and become absorbed in japa and meditation. What a strong spirit of detachment we had in those days! We had no thought even as to whether the world existed or not.

In 1887, Narendra compiled a Bengali song anthology named Sangeet Kalpataru with Vaishnav Charan Basak. Narendra collected and arranged most of the songs of this compilation, but could not finish the work of the book for unfavourable circumstances.[76]

Monastic vows In December 1886, the mother of Baburam[note 2] invited Narendra and his other brother monks to Antpur village. Narendra and the other aspiring monks accepted the invitation and went to Antpur to spend few days. In Antpur, in the Christmas Eve of 1886, Narendra and eight other disciples took formal monastic vows.[74] They decided to live their lives as their master lived.[74] Narendranath took the name "Swami Vivekananda".[77]

Travels in India (1888–93) Main article: Swami Vivekananda's travels in India (1888–1893) In 1888, Narendra left the monastery as a Parivrâjaka— the Hindu religious life of a wandering monk, "without fixed abode, without ties, independent and strangers wherever they go".[78] His sole possessions were a kamandalu (water pot), staff and his two favourite books: the Bhagavad Geeta and The Imitation of Christ.[79] Narendra travelled extensively in India for five years, visiting centres of learning and acquainting himself with diverse religious traditions and social patterns.[80][81] He developed sympathy for the suffering and poverty of the people, and resolved to uplift the nation.[80][82] Living primarily on bhiksha (alms), Narendra travelled on foot and by railway (with tickets bought by admirers). During his travels he met, and stayed with Indians from all religions and walks of life: scholars, dewans, rajas, Hindus, Muslims, Christians, paraiyars (low-caste workers) and government officials.[82] Narendra left Bombay for Chicago on 31 May 1893 with the name "Vivekananda", as suggested by Ajit Singh of Khetri,[83] which means "the bliss of discerning wisdom".[84]

First visit to the West (1893–97) Vivekananda started his journey to the West on 31 May 1893[85] and visited several cities in Japan (including Nagasaki, Kobe, Yokohama, Osaka, Kyoto and Tokyo),[86] China and Canada en route to the United States,[85] reaching Chicago on 30 July 1893,[87][85] where the "Parliament of Religions" took place in September 1893.[88] The Congress was an initiative of the Swedenborgian layman, and judge of the Illinois Supreme Court, Charles C. Bonney,[89][90] to gather all the religions of the world, and show "the substantial unity of many religions in the good deeds of the religious life."[89] It was one of the more than 200 adjunct gatherings and congresses of the Chicago's World's Fair,[89] and was "an avant-garde intellectual manifestation of [...] cultic milieus, East and West,"[91] with the Brahmo Samaj and the Theosophical Society being invited as being representative of Hinduism.[92]

Vivekananda wanted to join, but was disappointed to learn that no one without credentials from a bona fide organisation would be accepted as a delegate.[93] Vivekananda contacted Professor John Henry Wright of Harvard University, who invited him to speak at Harvard.[93] Vivekananda wrote of the professor, "He urged upon me the necessity of going to the Parliament of Religions, which he thought would give an introduction to the nation".[94][note 3] Vivekananda submitted an application, "introducing himself as a monk 'of the oldest order of sannyāsis ... founded by Sankara,'"[92] supported by the Brahmo Samaj representative Protapchandra Mozoombar, who was also a member of the Parliament's selection committee, "classifying the Swami as a representative of the Hindu monastic order."[92]

Parliament of the World's Religions Main article: Swami Vivekananda at the Parliament of the World's Religions (1893) A group of men are sitting and looking forward Five men are standing (left) Vivekananda on the platform at the Parliament of Religions, September 1893; left to right: Virchand Gandhi, Dharmapala, Vivekananda (right) Swami Vivekananda with the East Indian group, in the photo: (from left to right) Narasimha Chaira, Lakeshnie Narain, Vivekananda, H. Dharmapala, and Virchand Gandhi The Parliament of the World's Religions opened on 11 September 1893 at the Art Institute of Chicago as part of the World's Columbian Exposition.[95][96][97] On this day, Vivekananda gave a brief speech representing India and Hinduism.[98] He was initially nervous, bowed to Saraswati (the Hindu goddess of learning) and began his speech with "Sisters and brothers of America!".[99][97] At these words, Vivekananda received a two-minute standing ovation from the crowd of seven thousand.[100] According to Sailendra Nath Dhar, when silence was restored he began his address, greeting the youngest of the nations on behalf of "the most ancient order of monks in the world, the Vedic order of sannyasins, a religion which has taught the world both tolerance, of and universal acceptance".[101][note 4] Vivekananda quoted two illustrative passages from the "Shiva mahimna stotram": "As the different streams having their sources in different places all mingle their water in the sea, so, O Lord, the different paths which men take, through different tendencies, various though they appear, crooked or straight, all lead to Thee!" and "Whosoever comes to Me, through whatsoever form, I reach him; all men are struggling through paths that in the end lead to Me."[104] According to Sailendra Nath Dhar, "[i]t was only a short speech, but it voiced the spirit of the Parliament."[104][105]

Parliament President John Henry Barrows said, "India, the Mother of religions was represented by Swami Vivekananda, the Orange-monk who exercised the most wonderful influence over his auditors".[99] Vivekananda attracted widespread attention in the press, which called him the "cyclonic monk from India". The New York Critique wrote, "He is an orator by divine right, and his strong, intelligent face in its picturesque setting of yellow and orange was hardly less interesting than those earnest words, and the rich, rhythmical utterance he gave them". The New York Herald noted, "Vivekananda is undoubtedly the greatest figure in the Parliament of Religions. After hearing him we feel how foolish it is to send missionaries to this learned nation".[106] American newspapers reported Vivekananda as "the greatest figure in the parliament of religions" and "the most popular and influential man in the parliament".[107] The Boston Evening Transcript reported that Vivekananda was "a great favourite at the parliament... if he merely crosses the platform, he is applauded".[108] He spoke several more times "at receptions, the scientific section, and private homes"[101] on topics related to Hinduism, Buddhism and harmony among religions until the parliament ended on 27 September 1893. Vivekananda's speeches at the Parliament had the common theme of universality, emphasising religious tolerance.[109] He soon became known as a "handsome oriental" and made a huge impression as an orator.[110]

Sponsorship of Swami Vivekananda for Parliament of the World's Religions

In 1892, Swami Vivekananda stayed with Bhaskara Sethupathy, who was a Raja of Ramnad, when he visited Madurai[111] and he sponsored Vivekananda's visit to Parliament of the World's Religions held in Chicago.

Lecture tours in the UK and US "I do not come", said Swamiji on one occasion in America, "to convert you to a new belief. I want you to keep your own belief; I want to make the Methodist a better Methodist; the Presbyterian a better Presbyterian; the Unitarian a better Unitarian. I want to teach you to live the truth, to reveal the light within your own soul."[112] After the Parliament of Religions, he toured many parts of the US as a guest. His popularity opened up new views for expanding on "life and religion to thousands".[110] During a question-answer session at Brooklyn Ethical Society, he remarked, "I have a message to the West as Buddha had a message to the East."

Vivekananda spent nearly two years lecturing in the eastern and central United States, primarily in Chicago, Detroit, Boston, and New York. He founded the Vedanta Society of New York in 1894.[113] By spring 1895 his busy, tiring schedule had affected his health.[114] He ended his lecture tours and began giving free, private classes in Vedanta and yoga. Beginning in June 1895, Vivekananda gave private lectures to a dozen of his disciples at Thousand Island Park in New York for two months.[114]

During his first visit to the West he travelled to the UK twice, in 1895 and 1896, lecturing successfully there.[115] In November 1895 he met Margaret Elizabeth Noble an Irish woman who would become Sister Nivedita.[114] During his second visit to the UK in May 1896 Vivekananda met Max Müller, a noted Indologist from Oxford University who wrote Ramakrishna's first biography in the West.[105] From the UK, Vivekananda visited other European countries. In Germany he met Paul Deussen, another Indologist.[116] Vivekananda was offered academic positions in two American universities (one the chair in Eastern Philosophy at Harvard University and a similar position at Columbia University); he declined both, since his duties would conflict with his commitment as a monk.[114]

Left: Vivekananda in Greenacre, Maine (August 1894).[117] Right: Vivekananda at Mead sisters' house, South Pasadena in 1900. His success led to a change in mission, namely the establishment of Vedanta centres in the West.[118] Vivekananda adapted traditional Hindu ideas and religiosity to suit the needs and understandings of his western audiences, who were especially attracted by and familiar with western esoteric traditions and movements like Transcendentalism and New thought.[119] An important element in his adaptation of Hindu religiosity was the introduction of his "four yogas" model, which includes Raja yoga, his interpretation of Patanjali's Yoga sutras,[120] which offered a practical means to realise the divine force within which is central to modern western esotericism.[119] In 1896 his book Raja Yoga was published, which became an instant success and was highly influential in the western understanding of Yoga.[121][122]

Vivekananda attracted followers and admirers in the US and Europe, including Josephine MacLeod, William James, Josiah Royce, Robert G. Ingersoll, Nikola Tesla, Lord Kelvin, Harriet Monroe, Ella Wheeler Wilcox, Sarah Bernhardt, Emma Calvé and Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz.[22][114][116][123] He initiated several followers : Marie Louise (a French woman) became Swami Abhayananda, and Leon Landsberg became Swami Kripananda,[124] so that they could continue the work of the mission of the Vedanta Society. This society still is filled with foreign nationals and is also located in Los Angeles.[125] During his stay in America, Vivekananda was given land in the mountains to the southeast of San Jose, California to establish a retreat for Vedanta students. He called it "Peace retreat", or, Shanti Asrama.[126] The largest American centre is the Vedanta Society of Southern California in Hollywood, (one of the twelve main centres). There is also a Vedanta Press in Hollywood which publishes books about Vedanta and English translations of Hindu scriptures and texts. [127] Christina Greenstidel of Detroit was also initiated by Vivekananda with a mantra and she became Sister Christine,[128] and they established a close father–daughter relationship.[129]

From the West, Vivekananda revived his work in India. He regularly corresponded with his followers and brother monks,[note 5] offering advice and financial support. His letters from this period reflect his campaign of social service,[130] and were strongly worded.[131] He wrote to Akhandananda, "Go from door to door amongst the poor and lower classes of the town of Khetri and teach them religion. Also, let them have oral lessons on geography and such other subjects. No good will come of sitting idle and having princely dishes, and saying "Ramakrishna, O Lord!"—unless you can do some good to the poor".[132][133] In 1895, Vivekananda founded the periodical Brahmavadin to teach the Vedanta.[134] Later, Vivekananda's translation of the first six chapters of The Imitation of Christ was published in Brahmavadin in 1889.[135] Vivekananda left for India on 16 December 1896 from England with his disciples Captain and Mrs. Sevier and J.J. Goodwin. On the way they visited France and Italy, and set sail for India from Naples on 30 December 1896.[136] He was later followed to India by Sister Nivedita, who devoted the rest of her life to the education of Indian women and India's independence.[114][137]

Back in India (1897–99) The ship from Europe arrived in Colombo, British Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) on 15 January 1897,[136] and Vivekananda received a warm welcome. In Colombo he gave his first public speech in the East. From there on, his journey to Calcutta was triumphant. Vivekananda travelled from Colombo to Pamban, Rameswaram, Ramnad, Madurai, Kumbakonam and Madras, delivering lectures. Common people and rajas gave him an enthusiastic reception. During his train travels, people often sat on the rails to force the train to stop so they could hear him.[136] From Madras, he continued his journey to Calcutta and Almora. While in the West, Vivekananda spoke about India's great spiritual heritage; in India, he repeatedly addressed social issues: uplifting the people, eliminating the caste system, promoting science and industrialisation, addressing widespread poverty and ending colonial rule. These lectures, published as Lectures from Colombo to Almora, demonstrate his nationalistic fervour and spiritual ideology.[138]

A group photo of Vivekananda and his disciples. Image of Advaita Ashrama, Mayavati, a branch of the Ramakrishna Math (left) Vivekananda at Chennai 1897 (right) Advaita Ashrama, Mayavati (a branch of the Ramakrishna Math founded on 19 March 1899) later published many of Vivekananda's work and now publishes Prabuddha Bharata. On 1 May 1897 in Calcutta, Vivekananda founded the Ramakrishna Mission for social service. Its ideals are based on Karma Yoga,[139][140] and its governing body consists of the trustees of the Ramakrishna Math (which conducts religious work).[141] Both Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission have their headquarters at Belur Math.[105][142] Vivekananda founded two other monasteries: one in Mayavati in the Himalayas (near Almora), the Advaita Ashrama and another in Madras. Two journals were founded: Prabuddha Bharata in English and Udbhodan in Bengali.[143] That year, famine-relief work was begun by Swami Akhandananda in the Murshidabad district.[105][141]

Vivekananda earlier inspired Jamshedji Tata to set up a research and educational institution when they travelled together from Yokohama to Chicago on Vivekananda's first visit to the West in 1893. Tata now asked him to head his Research Institute of Science; Vivekananda declined the offer, citing a conflict with his "spiritual interests".[144][145][146] He visited Punjab, attempting to mediate an ideological conflict between Arya Samaj (a reformist Hindu movement) and sanatan (orthodox Hindus).[147] After brief visits to Lahore,[141] Delhi and Khetri, Vivekananda returned to Calcutta in January 1898. He consolidated the work of the math and trained disciples for several months. Vivekananda composed "Khandana Bhava–Bandhana", a prayer song dedicated to Ramakrishna, in 1898.[148]

Second visit to the West and final years (1899–1902) See also: Swami Vivekananda in California Vivekananda sitting, wearing white shawl Image of Vivekananda relaxing in a chair. (left) Vivekananda at Belur Math on 19 June 1899 (right) Vivekananda (photo taken in Bushnell Studio, San Francisco, 1900) Despite declining health, Vivekananda left for the West for a second time in June 1899[149] accompanied by Sister Nivedita and Swami Turiyananda. Following a brief stay in England, he went to the United States. During this visit, Vivekananda established Vedanta Societies in San Francisco and New York and founded a shanti ashrama (peace retreat) in California.[150] He then went to Paris for the Congress of Religions in 1900.[151] His lectures in Paris concerned the worship of the lingam and the authenticity of the Bhagavad Gita.[150] Vivekananda then visited Brittany, Vienna, Istanbul, Athens and Egypt. The French philosopher Jules Bois was his host for most of this period, until he returned to Calcutta on 9 December 1900.[150]

After a brief visit to the Advaita Ashrama in Mayavati Vivekananda settled at Belur Math, where he continued co-ordinating the works of Ramakrishna Mission, the math and the work in England and the US. He had many visitors, including royalty and politicians. Although Vivekananda was unable to attend the Congress of Religions in 1901 in Japan due to deteriorating health, he made pilgrimages to Bodhgaya and Varanasi.[152] Declining health (including asthma, diabetes and chronic insomnia) restricted his activity.[153]

Death On 4 July 1902 (the day of his death)[154] Vivekananda awoke early, went to the monastery at Belur Math and meditated for three hours. He taught Shukla-Yajur-Veda, Sanskrit grammar and the philosophy of yoga to pupils,[155][156] later discussing with colleagues a planned Vedic college in the Ramakrishna Math. At 7:00 p.m. Vivekananda went to his room, asking not to be disturbed;[155] he died at 9:20 p.m. while meditating.[157] According to his disciples, Vivekananda attained mahasamādhi;[158] the rupture of a blood vessel in his brain was reported as a possible cause of death.[159] His disciples believed that the rupture was due to his brahmarandhra (an opening in the crown of his head) being pierced when he attained mahasamādhi. Vivekananda fulfilled his prophecy that he would not live forty years.[160] He was cremated on a sandalwood funeral pyre on the bank of the Ganga in Belur, opposite where Ramakrishna was cremated sixteen years earlier.[161]

Teachings and philosophy Main article: Teachings and philosophy of Swami Vivekananda Part of a series on Hindu philosophy Om symbol.svg Orthodox Samkhya Yoga Nyaya Vaisheshika Mimamsa Vedanta

Advaita Vishishtadvaita Dvaita Vedanta Bhedabheda Dvaitadvaita Achintya Bheda Abheda Shuddhadvaita Heterodox Charvaka Ājīvika Buddhism Jainism Other schools[show] Teachers (Acharyas)[show] Major texts[show] Hinduism Other Indian philosophies v t e Part of a series on Advaita SwansCygnus olor.jpg Schools[show] Concepts[show] Practices[show] Moksha[show] Texts[show] Teachers[show] Influences[show] Monasteries and Orders[show] Scholarship[show] Categories[show] v t e Vivekananda propagated that the essence of Hinduism was best expressed in Adi Shankara's Advaita Vedanta philosophy.[162] Nevertheless, following Ramakrishna, and in contrast to Advaita Vedanta, Vivekananda believed that the Absolute is both immanent and transcendent.[note 6] According to Anil Sooklal, Vivekananda's neo-Advaita "reconciles Dvaita or dualism and Advaita or non-dualism".[164][note 7] Vivekananda summarised the Vedanta as follows, giving it a modern and Universalistic interpretation:[162]

Each soul is potentially divine. The goal is to manifest this Divinity within by controlling nature, external and internal. Do this either by work, or worship, or mental discipline, or philosophy—by one, or more, or all of these—and be free. This is the whole of religion. Doctrines, or dogmas, or rituals, or books, or temples, or forms, are but secondary details.

Nationalism was a prominent theme in Vivekananda's thought. He believed that a country's future depends on its people, and his teachings focused on human development.[165] He wanted "to set in motion a machinery which will bring noblest ideas to the doorstep of even the poorest and the meanest".[166]

Vivekananda linked morality with control of the mind, seeing truth, purity and unselfishness as traits which strengthened it.[167] He advised his followers to be holy, unselfish and to have shraddhā (faith). Vivekananda supported brahmacharya (celibacy),[168] believing it the source of his physical and mental stamina and eloquence.[169] He emphasised that success was an outcome of focused thought and action; in his lectures on Raja Yoga he said, "Take up one idea. Make that one idea your life – think of it, dream of it, live on that idea. Let the brain, muscles, nerves, every part of your body, be full of that idea, and just leave every other idea alone. This is the way to success, that is the way great spiritual giants are produced".[170]

Influence and legacy Main article: Influence and legacy of Swami Vivekananda Vivekananda was one of the main representatives of Neo-Vedanta, a modern interpretation of selected aspects of Hinduism in line with western esoteric traditions, especially Transcendentalism, New Thought and Theosophy.[3] His reinterpretation was, and is, very successful, creating a new understanding and appreciation of Hinduism within and outside India,[3] and was the principal reason for the enthusiastic reception of yoga, transcendental meditation and other forms of Indian spiritual self-improvement in the West.[171] Agehananda Bharati explained, "...modern Hindus derive their knowledge of Hinduism from Vivekananda, directly or indirectly".[172] Vivekananda espoused the idea that all sects within Hinduism (and all religions) are different paths to the same goal.[173] However, this view has been criticised as an oversimplification of Hinduism.[173]

Statue in a garden at Shri Ramakrishna Vidyashala, Mysore, India (left) Vivekananda statue near the Gateway of India, Mumbai (right) at Shri Ramakrishna Vidyashala, Mysore, India In the background of emerging nationalism in British-ruled India, Vivekananda crystallised the nationalistic ideal. In the words of social reformer Charles Freer Andrews, "The Swami's intrepid patriotism gave a new colour to the national movement throughout India. More than any other single individual of that period Vivekananda had made his contribution to the new awakening of India".[174] Vivekananda drew attention to the extent of poverty in the country, and maintained that addressing such poverty was a prerequisite for national awakening.[175] His nationalistic ideas influenced many Indian thinkers and leaders. Sri Aurobindo regarded Vivekananda as the one who awakened India spiritually.[176] Mahatma Gandhi counted him among the few Hindu reformers "who have maintained this Hindu religion in a state of splendor by cutting down the dead wood of tradition".[177]

Vivekananda Circle, Mysore The first governor-general of independent India, Chakravarti Rajagopalachari, said "Vivekananda saved Hinduism, saved India".[178] According to Subhas Chandra Bose, a proponent of armed struggle for Indian independence, Vivekananda was "the maker of modern India";[179] for Gandhi, Vivekananda's influence increased Gandhi's "love for his country a thousandfold". Vivekananda influenced India's independence movement;[180] his writings inspired independence activists such as Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, Aurobindo Ghose, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bagha Jatin and intellectuals such as Aldous Huxley, Christopher Isherwood, Romain Rolland.[181] Many years after Vivekananda's death Rabindranath Tagore told French Nobel laureate Romain Rolland,[182] "If you want to know India, study Vivekananda. In him everything is positive and nothing negative". Rolland wrote, "His words are great music, phrases in the style of Beethoven, stirring rhythms like the march of Händel choruses. I cannot touch these sayings of his, scattered as they are through the pages of books, at thirty years' distance, without receiving a thrill through my body like an electric shock. And what shocks, what transports, must have been produced when in burning words they issued from the lips of the hero!"[183]

Jamshedji Tata was inspired by Vivekananda to establish the Indian Institute of Science, one of India's best-known research universities.[146] Abroad, Vivekananda communicated with orientalist Max Müller, and scientist Nikola Tesla was one of those influenced by his Vedic teachings. While National Youth Day in India is observed on his birthday, 12 January, the day he delivered his masterful speech at the Parliament of Religions, 11 September 1893 is "World Brotherhood Day".[184][185] In September 2010, India's Finance Ministry highlighted the relevance of Vivekananda's teachings and values to the modern economic environment. The then Union Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee, the President of India before the current President Ram Nath Kovind, approved in principle the Swami Vivekananda Values Education Project at a cost of ₹1 billion (US$16 million), with objectives including involving youth with competitions, essays, discussions and study circles and publishing Vivekananda's works in a number of languages.[186] In 2011, the West Bengal Police Training College was renamed the Swami Vivekananda State Police Academy, West Bengal.[187] The state technical university in Chhattisgarh has been named the Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University.[188] In 2012, the Raipur airport was renamed Swami Vivekananda Airport.[189]

The 150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda was celebrated in India and abroad. The Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports in India officially observed 2013 as the occasion in a declaration.[190] Year-long events and programs were organised by branches of the Ramakrishna Math, the Ramakrishna Mission, the central and state governments in India, educational institutions and youth groups. Bengali film director Tutu (Utpal) Sinha made a film, The Light: Swami Vivekananda as a tribute for his 150th birth anniversary.[191]

Works Main article: Bibliography of Swami Vivekananda Lectures from Colombo to Almora front cover 1897 edition Vedanta Philosophy An address before the Graduate Philosophical Society 1901 cover page (left) Lectures from Colombo to Almora front cover 1897 edition (right) Vedanta Philosophy An address before the Graduate Philosophical Society 1901 cover page Lectures Although Vivekananda was a powerful orator and writer in English and Bengali,[192] he was not a thorough scholar,[193] and most of his published works were compiled from lectures given around the world which were "mainly delivered [...] impromptu and with little preparation".[193] His main work, Raja Yoga, consists of talks he delivered in New York.[194]

Literary works According to Banhatti, "[a] singer, a painter, a wonderful master of language and a poet, Vivekananda was a complete artist",[195] composing many songs and poems, including his favourite,[citation needed] "Kali the Mother". Vivekananda blended humour with his teachings, and his language was lucid. His Bengali writings testify to his belief that words (spoken or written) should clarify ideas, rather than demonstrating the speaker (or writer's) knowledge.[citation needed]

Bartaman Bharat meaning "Present Day India"[196] is an erudite Bengali language essay written by him, which was first published in the March 1899 issue of Udbodhan, the only Bengali language magazine of Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission. The essay was reprinted as a book in 1905 and later compiled into the fourth volume of The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda.[197] In this essay his refrain to the readers was to honour and treat every Indian as a brother irrespective of whether he was born poor or in lower caste.[198]

Publications Published in his lifetime[199] Sangeet Kalpataru (1887, with Vaishnav Charan Basak)[76] Karma Yoga (1896)[200][201] Raja Yoga (1896 [1899 edition])[202] Vedanta Philosophy: An address before the Graduate Philosophical Society (1896) Lectures from Colombo to Almora (1897) Bartaman Bharat (in Bengali) (March 1899), Udbodhan My Master (1901), The Baker and Taylor Company, New York Vedânta philosophy: lectures on Jnâna Yoga (1902) Vedânta Society, New York OCLC 919769260 Jnana yoga (1899) Published posthumously Here a list of selected books by Vivekananda that were published after his death (1902)[199]

Addresses on Bhakti Yoga Bhakti Yoga The East and the West (1909)[203] Inspired Talks (1909) Narada Bhakti Sutras – translation Para Bhakti or Supreme Devotion Practical Vedanta Speeches and writings of Swami Vivekananda; a comprehensive collection Complete Works: a collection of his writings, lectures and discourses in a set of nine volumes( ninth volume will be published soon) Seeing beyond the circle (2005) See also List of Hindu gurus and saints Notes Jump up ^ The exact date of the meeting is unknown. Vivekananda researcher Shailendra Nath Dhar studied the Calcutta University Calendar of 1881—1882 and found in that year, examination started on 28 November and ended on 2 December[55] Jump up ^ A brother monk of Narendranath Jump up ^ On learning that Vivekananda lacked credentials to speak at the Chicago Parliament, Wright said "To ask for your credentials is like asking the sun to state its right to shine in the heavens".[94] Jump up ^ McRae quotes "[a] sectarian biography of Vivekananda,"[102] namely Sailendra Nath Dhar A Comprehensive Biography of Swami Vivekananda, Part One, (Madras, India: Vivekananda Prakashan Kendra, 1975), p. 461, which "describes his speech on the opening day".[103] Jump up ^ Brother monks or brother disciples means other disciples of Ramakrishna who lived monastic lives. Jump up ^ According to Michael Taft, Ramakrishna reconciled the dualism of form and formless,[163] regarding the Supreme Being to be both Personal and Impersonal, active and inactive.[web 1] Ramakrishna: "When I think of the Supreme Being as inactive - neither creating nor preserving nor destroying - I call Him Brahman or Purusha, the Impersonal God. When I think of Him as active - creating, preserving and destroying - I call Him Sakti or Maya or Prakriti, the Personal God. But the distinction between them does not mean a difference. The Personal and Impersonal are the same thing, like milk and its whiteness, the diamond and its lustre, the snake and its wriggling motion. It is impossible to conceive of the one without the other. The Divine Mother and Brahman are one."[web 1] Jump up ^ Sooklalmquoytes Chatterjee: "Sankara's Vedanta is known as Advaita or non-dualism, pure and simple. Hence it is sometimes referred to as Kevala-Advaita or unqualified monism. It may also be called abstract monism in so far as Brahman, the Ultimate Reality, is, according to it, devoid of all qualities and distinctions, nirguna and nirvisesa [...] The Neo-Vedanta is also Advaitic inasmuch as it holds that Brahman, the Ultimate Reality, is one without a second, ekamevadvitiyam. But as distinguished from the traditional Advaita of Sankara, it is a synthetic Vedanta which reconciles Dvaita or dualism and Advaita or non-dualism and also other theories of reality. In this sense it may also be called concrete monism in so far as it holds that Brahman is both qualified, saguna, and qualityless, nirguna (Chatterjee, 1963 : 260)."[164] References Jump up ^ "World fair 1893 circulated photo". vivekananda.net. Retrieved 11 April 2012. Jump up ^ Bhajanānanda (2010), Four Basic Principles of Advaita Vedanta, p.3 ^ Jump up to: a b c d Michelis 2005. Jump up ^ "Swami Vivekananda: A short biography". www.oneindia.com. Retrieved 2017-05-03. Jump up ^ "Life History & Teachings of Swami Vivekanand". Retrieved 2017-05-03. Jump up ^ "International Yoga Day: How Swami Vivekananda helped popularise the ancient Indian regimen in the West". ^ Jump up to: a b Georg 2002, p. 600. Jump up ^ Clarke 2006, p. 209. Jump up ^ Von Dense 1999, p. 191. Jump up ^ Dutt 2005, p. 121. Jump up ^ Virajananda 2006, p. 21. Jump up ^ Paul 2003, p. 5. Jump up ^ Shrinivas), Banhatti, G. S. (Gopal (1995). Life and philosophy of Swami Vivekananda. New Delhi: Atlantic. ISBN 9788171562916. OCLC 499226506. Jump up ^ 1907-2003., Baccana, (1998). In the afternoon of time : an autobiography. Snell, Rupert. New Delhi: Penguin Books. ISBN 9780670881581. OCLC 39130194. Jump up ^ "Devdutt Pattanaik: Dayanand & Vivekanand". Jump up ^ Badrinath 2006, p. 2. Jump up ^ Mukherji 2011, p. 5. Jump up ^ Banhatti 1995, p. 1. Jump up ^ Badrinath 2006, p. 3. ^ Jump up to: a b Bhuyan 2003, p. 4. ^ Jump up to: a b Banhatti 1995, p. 2. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Nikhilananda 1964. ^ Jump up to: a b Sen 2003, p. 20. ^ Jump up to: a b Bhuyan 2003, p. 5. Jump up ^ Banhatti 1995. Jump up ^ Banhatti 1995, p. 4. Jump up ^ Arrington & Chakrabarti 2001, pp. 628–631. Jump up ^ Sen 2003, p. 21. ^ Jump up to: a b Sen 2006, pp. 12–14. Jump up ^ Sen 2003, pp. 104–105. ^ Jump up to: a b Pangborn & Smith 1976, p. 106. Jump up ^ Dhar 1976, p. 53. ^ Jump up to: a b Malagi & Naik 2003, pp. 36–37. Jump up ^ Prabhananda 2003, p. 233. Jump up ^ Banhatti 1995, pp. 7–9. ^ Jump up to: a b Chattopadhyaya 1999, p. 31. ^ Jump up to: a b c Michelis 2005, p. 99. Jump up ^ Michelis 2005, p. 100. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Banhatti 1995, p. 8. Jump up ^ Badrinath 2006, p. 20. Jump up ^ Michelis 2005, p. 31-35. Jump up ^ Michelis 2005, p. 19-90, 97-100. ^ Jump up to: a b Chattopadhyaya 1999, p. 29. ^ Jump up to: a b Michelis 2005, p. 46. Jump up ^ Michelis 2005, p. 46-47. Jump up ^ Michelis 2005, p. 47. Jump up ^ Michelis 2005, p. 81. ^ Jump up to: a b Michelis 2005, p. 49. Jump up ^ Sen 2006, pp. 12–13. Jump up ^ Michelis 2005, p. 50. Jump up ^ Michelis 2005, p. 101. ^ Jump up to: a b c Chattopadhyaya 1999, p. 43. Jump up ^ Ghosh 2003, p. 31. Jump up ^ Badrinath 2006, p. 18. Jump up ^ Chattopadhyaya 1999, p. 30. Jump up ^ Badrinath 2006, p. 21. Jump up ^ Paranjape 2012, p. 132. ^ Jump up to: a b Prabhananda 2003, p. 232. ^ Jump up to: a b c Banhatti 1995, pp. 10–13. ^ Jump up to: a b Rolland 1929a, pp. 169–193. Jump up ^ Arora 1968, p. 4. Jump up ^ Bhuyan 2003, p. 8. Jump up ^ Sil 1997, p. 38. Jump up ^ Sil 1997, pp. 39–40. Jump up ^ Kishore 2001, pp. 23–25. Jump up ^ Nikhilananda 1953, pp. 25–26. Jump up ^ Sil 1997, p. 27. ^ Jump up to: a b Isherwood 1976, p. 20. Jump up ^ Pangborn & Smith 1976, p. 98. ^ Jump up to: a b Rolland 1929b, pp. 201–214. Jump up ^ Banhatti 1995, p. 17. Jump up ^ Sil 1997, pp. 46–47. Jump up ^ Banhatti 1995, p. 18. ^ Jump up to: a b c Nikhilananda 1953, p. 40. Jump up ^ Chetananda 1997, p. 38. ^ Jump up to: a b Chattopadhyaya 1999, p. 33. Jump up ^ Bhuyan 2003, p. 10. Jump up ^ Rolland 2008, p. 7. Jump up ^ Dhar 1976, p. 243. ^ Jump up to: a b Richards 1996, pp. 77–78. Jump up ^ Bhuyan 2003, p. 12. ^ Jump up to: a b Rolland 2008, pp. 16–25. Jump up ^ Banhatti 1995, p. 24. Jump up ^ Gosling 2007, p. 18. ^ Jump up to: a b c Bhuyan 2003, p. 15. Jump up ^ Paranjape 2005, pp. 246–248. Jump up ^ Badrinath 2006, p. 158. Jump up ^ Michelis 2005, p. 110. ^ Jump up to: a b c Marcus Braybrooke, Charles Bonney and the Idea for a World Parliament of Religions, The Interfaith Observer Jump up ^ Boston Collaborative Encyclopedia of Western Theology, World Parliament of Religions (1893) Jump up ^ Michelis 2005, p. 111-112. ^ Jump up to: a b c Michelis 2005, p. 112. ^ Jump up to: a b Minor 1986, p. 133. ^ Jump up to: a b Bhuyan 2003, p. 16. Jump up ^ Houghton 1893, p. 22. Jump up ^ Bhide 2008, p. 9. ^ Jump up to: a b Paul 2003, p. 33. Jump up ^ Banhatti 1995, p. 27. ^ Jump up to: a b Bhuyan 2003, p. 17. Jump up ^ Paul 2003, p. 34. ^ Jump up to: a b McRae 1991, p. 17. Jump up ^ McRae 1991, p. 16. Jump up ^ McRae 1991, p. 34, note 20. ^ Jump up to: a b McRae 1991, pp. 18. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Prabhananda 2003, p. 234. Jump up ^ Farquhar 1915, p. 202. Jump up ^ Sharma 1988, p. 87. Jump up ^ Adiswarananda 2006, pp. 177–179. Jump up ^ Bhuyan 2003, p. 18. ^ Jump up to: a b Thomas 2003, pp. 74–77. Jump up ^ Meena Agrawal (30 January 2008). Swami Vivekananda. Diamond Pocket Books. p. 49. ISBN 978-81-288-1001-5. Jump up ^ Vivekananda 2001, p. 419. Jump up ^ Gupta 1986, p. 118. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Isherwood & Adjemian 1987, pp. 121–122. Jump up ^ Banhatti 1995, p. 30. ^ Jump up to: a b Chetananda 1997, pp. 49–50. Jump up ^ "Swami Vivekananda Know Photos America 1893–1895". vivekananda.net. Retrieved 6 April 2012. Jump up ^ Michelis 2005, p. 120. ^ Jump up to: a b Michelis 2005, p. 119-123. Jump up ^ Michelis 2005, p. 123-126. Jump up ^ Michelis 2005, p. 125-126. Jump up ^ Michelis 2005, p. 149-180. Jump up ^ Chetananda 1997, p. 47. Jump up ^ Burke 1958, p. 618. Jump up ^ Thomas 2003, pp. 78–81. Jump up ^ Wuthnow 2011, pp. 85–86. Jump up ^ Rinehart 2004, p. 392. Jump up ^ Vrajaprana 1996, p. 7. Jump up ^ Shack, Joan (2012). "A Monumental Meeting" (PDF). Sri Sarada Society Notes. Albany, New York. 18 (1). Jump up ^ Kattackal 1982, p. 219. Jump up ^ Majumdar 1963, p. 577. Jump up ^ Burke 1985, p. 417. Jump up ^ Sharma 1963, p. 227. Jump up ^ Sheean 2005, p. 345. Jump up ^ Sharma 1988, p. 83. ^ Jump up to: a b c Banhatti 1995, pp. 33–34. Jump up ^ Dhar 1976, p. 852. Jump up ^ Bhuyan 2003, p. 20. Jump up ^ Thomas 1974, p. 44. Jump up ^ Miller 1995, p. 181. ^ Jump up to: a b c Banhatti 1995, pp. 34–35. Jump up ^ Ganguly 2001, p. 27. Jump up ^ Kraemer 1960, p. 151. Jump up ^ Prabhananda 2003, p. 235. Jump up ^ Lulla, Anil Buddy (3 September 2007). "IISc looks to Belur for seeds of birth". The Telegraph. Retrieved 6 May 2009. ^ Jump up to: a b Kapur 2010, p. 142. Jump up ^ Virajananda 2006, p. 291. Jump up ^ Banhatti 1995, pp. 35–36. Jump up ^ Virajananda 2006, p. 450. ^ Jump up to: a b c Banhatti 1995, pp. 41–42. Jump up ^ Banhatti 1995, p. xv. Jump up ^ Banhatti 1995, pp. 43–44. Jump up ^ Banhatti 1995, pp. 45–46. Jump up ^ Chattopadhyaya 1999, pp. 218, 274, 299. ^ Jump up to: a b Chattopadhyaya 1999, p. 283. Jump up ^ Banhatti 1995, p. 46. Jump up ^ Bharathi 1998b, p. 25. Jump up ^ Sen 2006, p. 27. Jump up ^ Virajananda 1918, p. 81. Jump up ^ Virajananda 2006, pp. 645–662. Jump up ^ "Towards the end". www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info. Retrieved 11 March 2012. ^ Jump up to: a b Jackson 1994, pp. 33–34. Jump up ^ Taft 2014. ^ Jump up to: a b Sooklal 1993, p. 33. Jump up ^ Vivekananda 1996, pp. 1–2. Jump up ^ "Swami Vivekananda life and teaching". Belur Math. Retrieved 23 March 2012. Jump up ^ Bhuyan 2003, p. 93. Jump up ^ Seifer 2001, p. 164. Jump up ^ Vivekananda 2001, Conversations and Dialogues, Chapter "VI – X Shri Priya Nath Sinha", Vol 5. Jump up ^ Kashyap 2012, p. 12. Jump up ^ Dutta 2003, p. 110. Jump up ^ Rambachan 1994, pp. 6–8. ^ Jump up to: a b Shattuck 1999, pp. 93–94. Jump up ^ Bharathi 1998b, p. 37. Jump up ^ Bharathi 1998b, pp. 37–38. Jump up ^ Bhide 2008, p. 69. Jump up ^ Parel 2000, p. 77. Jump up ^ Shetty 2009, p. 517. Jump up ^ "Article on Swami Vivekananda". Retrieved 13 September 2011. Jump up ^ "Celebration of anniversaries in 2013". UNESCO. Retrieved 8 March 2012. Jump up ^ Wolffe 2004, p. 158. Jump up ^ "Article on Swami Vivekananda". Retrieved 20 August 2011. Jump up ^ Nikhilananda 1953, p. 2. Jump up ^ "National Youth Day" (PDF). National Portal of India. Government of India. 10 January 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2011. Jump up ^ "Remembering Swami Vivekananda". Zee News.India. 11 January 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2013. Jump up ^ "National implementation committee approves funds for Swami Vivekananda values' education project". Highbeam. 6 September 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2012. Jump up ^ "Swami Vivekananda State Police Academy". Swami Vivekananda State Police Academy. Retrieved 9 January 2013. Jump up ^ "Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekananda Technical University". Csvtu.ac.in. 19 November 2012. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2013. Jump up ^ "Pranab hopes Raipur airport's new terminal will support Chhattisgarh's growth". The Hindu. Retrieved 7 February 2013. Jump up ^ "2013–14 Declared the Year for Skill Development of the Youth Parliamentary Consultative Committee Attached to Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports Meets". PTI. Retrieved 3 March 2013. Jump up ^ "Year-long events to mark Vivekananda's 150th birthday". The Times of India. Retrieved 3 March 2013. Jump up ^ Das 1991, p. 530. ^ Jump up to: a b Michelis 2005, p. 150. Jump up ^ Michelis 2005, p. 149-150. Jump up ^ Banhatti 1963, p. 273. Jump up ^ Mittra 2001, p. 88. Jump up ^ Chattopadhyaya 1999, p. 118. Jump up ^ Dalal 2011, p. 465. ^ Jump up to: a b "Vivekananda Library online". vivekananda.net. Retrieved 22 March 2012. Jump up ^ Michelis 2005, p. 124. Jump up ^ Kearney 2013, p. 169. Jump up ^ Banhatti 1995, p. 145. Jump up ^ Urban 2007, p. 314. Sources Printed sources Adiswarananda, Swami, ed. (2006), Vivekananda, world teacher : his teachings on the spiritual unity of humankind, Woodstock, Vermont: SkyLight Paths Pub, ISBN 1-59473-210-8 Agarwal, Satya P. (1998), The social role of the Gītā: how and why, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1524-7 Arrington, Robert L.; Chakrabarti, Tapan Kumar (2001), "Swami Vivekananda", A Companion to the Philosophers, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 978-0-631-22967-4 Arora, V. K. (1968), "Communion with Brahmo Samaj", The social and political philosophy of Swami Vivekananda, Punthi Pustak Badrinath, Chaturvedi (2006). Swami Vivekananda, the Living Vedanta. Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-306209-7. Banhatti, G.S. (1995), Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, p. 276, ISBN 978-81-7156-291-6 Banhatti, G.S. (1963), The Quintessence of Vivekananda, Pune, India: Suvichar Prakashan Mandal, ASIN B0007JQX3M Beckerlegge, Gwilym (2008). Colonialism, Modernity, and Religious Identities: Religious Reform Movements in South Asia. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-569214-3. Bharathi, K.S. (1998b), Encyclopaedia of eminent thinkers, Vol.8: the political thought of Vivekananda, New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, ISBN 978-81-7022-709-0 Bhide, Nivedita Raghunath (2008), Swami Vivekananda in America, ISBN 978-81-89248-22-2 Bhuyan, P. R. (2003), Swami Vivekananda: Messiah of Resurgent India, New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-269-0234-7 Burke, Marie Louise (1958), Swami Vivekananda in America: New Discoveries, Kolkata: Advaita Ashrama, ISBN 978-0-902479-99-9 Burke, Marie Louise (1985), Swami Vivekananda in the West: New Discoveries (in six volumes) (3 ed.), Kolkata: Advaita Ashrama, ISBN 978-0-87481-219-0 Chakrabarti, Mohit (1998), Swami Vivekananda, poetic visionary, New Delhi: M.D. Publications, ISBN 81-7533-075-9 Chattopadhyaya, Rajagopal (1999), Swami Vivekananda in India: A Corrective Biography, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., ISBN 978-81-208-1586-5 Chetananda, Swami (1997). God lived with them: life stories of sixteen monastic disciples of Sri Ramakrishna. St. Louis, Missouri: Vedanta Society of St. Louis. ISBN 0-916356-80-9. Clarke, Peter Bernard (2006), New Religions in Global Perspective, Routledge Cooper, Carebanu (1984). Swami Vivekananda: Literary Biography. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. Dalal, Roshen (October 2011). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6. Das, Sisir Kumar (1991), A History of Indian Literature: 1800–1910, Western impact : Indian response, Sahitya Akademi, ISBN 978-81-7201-006-5 Von Dense, Christian D. (1999), Philosophers and Religious Leaders, Greenwood Publishing Group Dhar, Shailendra Nath (1976), A Comprehensive Biography of Swami Vivekananda (2 ed.), Madras, India: Vivekananda Prakashan Kendra, OCLC 708330405 Dutta, Krishna (2003), Calcutta: a cultural and literary history, Oxford: Signal Books, ISBN 978-1-56656-721-3 Dutt, Harshavardhan (2005), Immortal Speeches, New Delhi: Unicorn Books, p. 121, ISBN 978-81-7806-093-4 Farquhar, J. N. (1915), Modern Religious Movements in India, London: Macmillan Ganguly, Adwaita P. (2001), Life and Times of Netaji Subhas: From Cuttack to Cambridge, 1897–1921, VRC Publications, ISBN 978-81-87530-02-2 Georg, Feuerstein (2002), The Yoga Tradition, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Ghosh, Gautam (2003). The Prophet of Modern India: A Biography of Swami Vivekananda. Rupa & Company. ISBN 978-81-291-0149-5. Gokhale, B. G. (January 1964). "Swami Vivekananda and Indian Nationalism". Journal of Bible and Religion. Oxford University Press. 32 (1): 35–42. JSTOR 1460427. Gosling, David L. (2007). Science and the Indian Tradition: When Einstein Met Tagore. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-14333-7. Gupta, N.L. (2003), Swami Vivekananda, Delhi: Anmol Publications, ISBN 978-81-261-1538-9 Gupta, Raj Kumar (1986), The Great Encounter: A Study of Indo-American Literary and Cultural Relations, Delhi: Abhinav Publications, ISBN 978-81-7017-211-6, retrieved 19 December 2012 Houghton, Walter Raleigh, ed. (1893), The parliament of religions and religious congresses at the World's Columbian exposition (3 ed.), Frank Tennyson Neely, OL 14030155M Isherwood, Christopher (1976), Meditation and Its Methods According to Swami Vivekananda, Hollywood, California: Vedanta Press, ISBN 978-0-87481-030-1 Isherwood, Christopher; Adjemian, Robert (1987), "On Swami Vivekananda", The Wishing Tree, Hollywood, California: Vedanta Press, ISBN 978-0-06-250402-9 Jackson, Carl T (1994), "The Founders", Vedanta for the West: the Ramakrishna movement in the United States, Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana University Press, ISBN 978-0-253-33098-7 Kashyap, Shivendra (2012), Saving Humanity: Swami Vivekanand Perspective, Vivekanand Swadhyay Mandal, ISBN 978-81-923019-0-7 Kapur, Devesh (2010), Diaspora, development, and democracy: the domestic impact of international migration from India, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-12538-1 Kattackal, Jacob (1982), Religion and ethics in Advaita, Kottayam, Kerala: St. Thomas Apostolic Seminary, ISBN 978-3-451-27922-5 Kearney, Richard (13 August 2013). Anatheism: Returning to God After God. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51986-1. Kishore, B. R. (2001). Swami Vivekanand. Diamond Pocket Books. ISBN 978-81-7182-952-1. Kraemer, Hendrik (1960), "Cultural response of Hindu India", World cultures and world religions, London: Westminster Press, ASIN B0007DLYAK Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1963), Swami Vivekananda Centenary Memorial Volume, Kolkata: Swami Vivekananda Centenary, p. 577, ASIN B0007J2FTS Malagi, R.A.; Naik, M.K. (2003), "Stirred Spirit: The Prose of Swami Vivekananda", Perspectives on Indian Prose in English, New Delhi: Abhinav Publications, ISBN 978-81-7017-150-8 McRae, John R. (1991), "Oriental Verities on the American Frontier: The 1893 World's Parliament of Religions and the Thought of Masao Abe", Buddhist-Christian Studies, University of Hawai'i Press, 11: 7–36, doi:10.2307/1390252, JSTOR 1390252. Michelis, Elizabeth De (8 December 2005). A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8. Miller, Timothy (1995), "The Vedanta Movement and Self-Realization fellowship", America's Alternative Religions, Albany, New York: SUNY Press, ISBN 978-0-7914-2398-1 Minor, Robert Neil (1986), "Swami Vivekananda's use of the Bhagavad Gita", Modern Indian Interpreters of the Bhagavad Gita, Albany, New York: SUNY Press, ISBN 978-0-88706-297-1 Mukherji, Mani Shankar (2011), The Monk As Man: The Unknown Life of Swami Vivekananda, ISBN 978-0-14-310119-2 Nikhilananda, Swami (April 1964), "Swami Vivekananda Centenary", Philosophy East and West, University of Hawai'i Press, 14 (1): 73–75, doi:10.2307/1396757, JSTOR 1396757. Nikhilananda, Swami (1953), Vivekananda: A Biography (PDF), New York: Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center, ISBN 0-911206-25-6, retrieved 19 March 2012 Pangborn, Cyrus R.; Smith, Bardwell L. (1976), "The Ramakrishna Math and Mission", Hinduism: New Essays in the History of Religions, Brill Archive Paranjape, Makarand (2005), Penguin Swami Vivekananda Reader, Penguin India, ISBN 0-14-303254-2 Parel, Anthony (2000), Gandhi, Freedom, and Self-Rule, ISBN 978-0-7391-0137-7 Paul, Dr S. (2003). Great Men Of India : Swami Vivekananda. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-81-207-9138-1. Prabhananda, Swami (June 2003), "Profiles of famous educators: Swami Vivekananda" (PDF), Prospects, Netherlands: Springer, XXXIII (2): 231–245. Rambachan, Anantanand (1994), The limits of scripture: Vivekananda's reinterpretation of the Vedas, Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 978-0-8248-1542-4 Richards, Glyn (1996), "Vivekananda", A Source-Book of Modern Hinduism, Routledge, pp. 77–78, ISBN 978-0-7007-0317-3 Rinehart, Robin (1 January 2004). Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-905-8. Rolland, Romain (1929a), "Naren the Beloved Disciple", The Life of Ramakrishna, Hollywood, California: Vedanta Press, pp. 169–193, ISBN 978-81-85301-44-0 Rolland, Romain (1929b), "The River Re-Enters the Sea", The Life of Ramakrishna, Hollywood, California: Vedanta Press, pp. 201–214, ISBN 978-81-85301-44-0 Rolland, Romain (2008), The Life of Vivekananda and the Universal Gospel (24 ed.), Advaita Ashrama, p. 328, ISBN 978-81-85301-01-3, archived from the original on 4 August 2009 Seifer, Marc (2001), Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla : Biography of a Genius, Citadel, ISBN 978-0-8065-1960-9 Sen, Amiya (2003), Gupta, Narayani, ed., Swami Vivekananda, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-564565-0 Sen, Amiya (2006), Indispensable Vivekananda: anthology for our times, Orient Blackswan, ISBN 978-81-7824-130-2 Sharma, Arvind (1988), "Swami Vivekananda's Experiences", Neo-Hindu Views of Christianity, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-08791-0 Sharma, Benishankar (1963), Swami Vivekananda: A Forgotten Chapter of His Life, Kolkata: Oxford Book & Stationary Co., ASIN B0007JR46C Shattuck, Cybelle T. (1999), "The modern period ii: forces of change", Hinduism, London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-21163-5 Sheean, Vincent (2005), "Forerunners of Gandhi", Lead, Kindly Light: Gandhi and the Way to Peace, Kessinger Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4179-9383-3 Shetty, B. Vithal (2009), World as seen under the lens of a scientist, Bloomington, Indiana: Xlibris Corporation, ISBN 978-1-4415-0471-5 Sil, Narasingha Prosad (1997), Swami Vivekananda: A Reassessment, Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania: Susquehanna University Press, ISBN 0-945636-97-0 Sooklal, Anil (1993), "The Neo-Vedanta Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda" (PDF), Nidan, 5 Taft, Michael (2014), Nondualism: A Brief History of a Timeless Concept, Cephalopod Rex Thomas, Abraham Vazhayil (1974), Christians in Secular India, Madison, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, ISBN 978-0-8386-1021-3 Thomas, Wendell (1 August 2003). Hinduism Invades America 1930. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7661-8013-0. Virajananda, Swami, ed. (2006) [1910], The Life of the swami Vivekananda by his eastern and western disciples... in two volumes (Sixth ed.), Kolkata: Advaita Ashrama, ISBN 81-7505-044-6 Virajananda, Swami (1918), The Life of the Swami Vivekananda, 4, Prabuddha Bharata Office, Advaita Ashrama, retrieved 21 December 2012 Vivekananda, Swami (2001) [1907], Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda, 9 Volumes, Advaita Ashrama, ISBN 978-81-85301-75-4 Vivekananda, Swami (1996), Swami Lokeswarananda, ed., My India : the India eternal (1st ed.), Calcutta: Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture, pp. 1–2, ISBN 81-85843-51-1 Vrajaprana, Pravrajika (1996). A portrait of Sister Christine. Calcutta: Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture. ISBN 978-8185843803. Majumdar, R. C. (2000), Swami Vivekananda: A Historical Review, Advaita Ashrama, ISBN 978-81-7505-202-4 Mittra, Sitansu Sekhar (2001). Bengal's Renaissance. Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-81-87504-18-4. Paranjape, Makarand R. (2012). Making India: Colonialism, National Culture, and the Afterlife of Indian English Authority. Springer. ISBN 978-94-007-4661-9. Ritananda, Swami (2013). "Swami Vivekananda: The personification of Spirituality". Swami Vivekananda: New Perspectives An Anthology on Swami Vivekananda. Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture. ISBN 978-93-81325-23-0. Urban, Hugh B. (1 January 2007). Tantra: Sex, Secrecy, Politics and Power in the Study of Religion. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher. ISBN 978-81-208-2932-9. Vivekananda, Swami (1976). Meditation and Its Methods According to Swami Vivekananda. Vedanta Press. ISBN 978-0-87481-030-1. Wuthnow, Robert (1 July 2011). America and the Challenges of Religious Diversity. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-3724-3. Wolffe, John (2004). Religion in History: Conflict, Conversion and Coexistence. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-7107-2. Web-sources ^ Jump up to: a b "Sri Ramakrisha The Great Master, by Swami Saradananda, (tr.) Swami Jagadananda, 5th ed., v.1, pp.558-561, Sri Ramakrishna Math, Madras". Further reading Main article: Bibliography of Swami Vivekananda Chauhan, Abnish Singh (2004), Swami Vivekananda: Select Speeches, Prakash Book Depot, ISBN 978-8179774663 Chauhan, Abnish Singh (2006), Speeches of Swami Vivekananda and Subhash Chandra Bose: A Comparative Study, Prakash Book Depot, ISBN 9788179771495 King, Richard (2002), Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East", Routledge Majumdar, R. C. (1999). Swami Vivekananda: A historical review. Calcutta: Advaita Ashrama. Rambachan, Anatanand (1994), The Limits of Scripture: Vivekananda's Reinterpretation of the Vedas, University of Hawaii Press Malhotra, Rajiv (2016). Indra's Net: Defending Hinduism's Philosophical Unity (revised ed.). Noida, India: HarperCollins Publishers India. ISBN 978-9351771791. ISBN 9351771792 (400 pages) Sharma, Jyotirmaya (2013), A Restatement of Religion: Swami Vivekananda and the Making of Hindu Nationalism, Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-19740-2 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Swami Vivekananda. Wikiquote has quotations related to: Swami Vivekananda Swami Vivekananda at Curlie (based on DMOZ) Works about Vivekananda via the Open Library Works by Vivekananda via the Open Library Works by or about Swami Vivekananda at Internet Archive Works by Swami Vivekananda at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Biography at Belur Math's official website Complete Works of Vivekananda, Belur Math publication [show] v t e Swami Vivekananda [show] v t e Ramakrishna [show] v t e Indian Independence Movement [show] v t e Bengali renaissance [show] v t e Hindu reform movements [show] v t e Modern Hindu writers (1848 to date) [show] v t e Religious pluralism Books View or order collections of articles Swami VivekanandaHindu Religious Leaders Portals Access related topics Marble Palace Kolkata.jpgKolkata portalP vip.svgBiography portalSocrates.pngPhilosophy portalAum Om red.svgHinduism portalDharmic religions.jpgIndian religions portal Find out more on Wikipedia's Sister projects Media from CommonsTextbooks from WikibooksQuotations from WikiquoteSource texts from WikisourceData from Wikidata Authority control WorldCat Identities VIAF: 89471868 LCCN: n80032751 ISNI: 0000 0003 6857 3748 GND: 118805533 SELIBR: 299638 SUDOC: 030277019 BNF: cb121727683 (data) BIBSYS: 90891844 NLA: 35583282 NDL: 00459810 NKC: jn19990210655 BNE: XX832910 IATH: w6611mwh Categories: Swami Vivekananda1863 births1902 deaths19th-century philosophers19th-century Hindu religious leadersAdvaitin philosophersAsceticsBengali HindusBengali peopleContemporary Indian philosophersHindu philosophersHindu writersIndian Hindu missionariesIndian religious writersIndian Hindu religious leadersIndian Hindu spiritual teachersIndian yogisMonastic disciples of RamakrishnaNew Age predecessorsPeople from KolkataPresidency University, Kolkata alumniRamakrishna MissionScottish Church College, Calcutta alumniSpiritual practiceUniversity of Calcutta alumniVedantaYogisHindu reformersNeo-VedantaHindu saints Navigation menu Shashank73734 Alerts (0) Notice (1) TalkSandboxPreferencesBetaWatchlistContributionsLog outArticleTalkReadView sourceView historyWatchSearch

Search Wikipedia Go Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch العربية অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि پنجابی Polski Português Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย ತುಳು Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 11 January 2018, at 06:52. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaDevelopersCookie statementMobile viewWikimedia Foundation Powered by MediaWiki