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Hugo Munsterberg (1863 – 1916) was born in Danzig, in East Prussia, and both of his parents died before he was 20 years old. His interest in psychology began when he heard a lecture by Wilhelm Wundt during his first year at the University of Leipzig. He became a teaching assistant for Wundt and received his Ph.D in physiological psychology at the age of 22. In 1887, Munsterberg received his medical degree at the University of Heidelberg. He became an assistant professor at the University of Freiburg in 1891 and attended the First National Congress where he met William James. A year later, James offered Munsterberg a position at Harvard as a chair of the psychology lab. He also became an advisor to the graduate students while they worked on their dissertations; Mary Whiton Calkins, the first woman president of the American Psychological Association, was one of his students. While Munsterberg was at Harvard, he acted as president of the American Psychological Association. In 1910, he was chosen as an exchange professor to the University of Berlin, when he founded the Amerika-Institut in Berlin. Perhaps Munsterberg’s largest contribution to the field was the invention of forensic psychology and the introduction of the lie detector. He published On the Witness Stand (1908), in which he discusses the kinds of psychological factors that can change a trial’s outcome and the legal aspects of crime. He also invented industrial psychology and he published books that discussed hiring workers with the right types of mental and psychological abilities to fit their occupations, the best ways to increase performance and motivation in works, and marketing or advertising techniques. He was also known for certain beliefs about clinical psychology; he believed that certain mental illness are caused by cellular-metabolic reasons, but can be diagnosed based on behavioristic observations during interviews.

Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930) was born in Hartford, Connecticut and moved to Massachusetts at the age of 17. She attended Smith College and graduated with classics and philosophy degree. After a year and a half trip to Europe with her family, Calkins worked as a Greek teacher at Wellesley College. A professor in the psychology department noticed her talents, urged her to study psychology for a year, and return to Wellesley to teach psychology. She began taking classes at Harvard Annex under Josiah Royce and William James. Charles William Eliot, the president of Harvard, was opposed to the idea of education Calkins with other men, but Royce and James insisted. Calkins then worked with Edmund Sanford to set up the first psychology lab at Wellesley College. She worked as a professor of psychology, associate professor, and then, associate professor at Wellesley College. Much of her interests involved memory and the self. In 1905, she was elected as the president of the American Psychology Association. She was the first female president. She was chosen as the president of the American Philosophical Association in 1918. Calkins was known for her research of dreams. While she and Sanford worked together, she conducted a research project that involved the recording of dreams during a seven-week period. Another contribution Calkins made to the field was her system of self-psychology, which says that the self is an active agent acting consciously and purposefully. She also invented the paired-associate technique, a research method in which colors are paired with numbers and then the colors are presented again for participants to recall the numbers.

Granville Stanley Hall (1844 – 1924) was known to be the founder of child psychology and educational psychology. He was born in Ashfield, Massachusetts and attended Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts. He became an English and philosophy teacher at Antioch College and subsequently began teaching history and philosophy at Williams College. He was inspired by Wilhelm Wundt’s Principles of Physiological Psychology and got a Ph.D. in Psychology as a student of William James at Harvard University. He earned the first doctorate in the United States. He then went to the Europe and spent time in Wundt’s psychology laboratory in the University of Leipzig. He returned to America and created the first psychology laboratory at Johns Hopkins. He was an advisor to Raymond Cattell, a psychologist with a focus in personality and intelligence, and John Dewey, the developer of the philosophy of pragmatism. He also mentored Francis Cecil Sumner, the first African-American to receive a doctorate. Hall founded the American Journal of Psychology in 1887. He was highly influenced by Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution and Ernst Haeckel’s recapitulation theory; Hall investigated aspects of childhood development and the inheritance of behavior. He presented the Recapitulation Theory of Development, which says that people go through psychological and somatic senses follow Darwin’s theory of evolution. He also coined the idea of educational psychology and tried to determine the effect of adolescence on education. Another contribution that Hall made was the idea of religious psychology. He wrote Jesus the Christ in the Light of Psychology in 1917.

Francis Cecil Sumner (1895-1954) is considered the “Father of Black Psychology.” He was born in Pine Bluff, Arkansas; he did not attend high school, since schools were not integrated yet, but he stayed educated by reading old textbooks. At the age of 15, he was accepted into Lincoln University through an entrance exam. Five years later, he graduated with honors in English, Greek, and philosophy. He then attended Clark University where he was mentored by G. Stanley Hall. Sumner graduated from Clark University in 1916 with a degree in English and soon returned to Lincoln University to begin his graduate work. Part of the graduate program’s was requirement was to teach psychology, which sparked Sumner’s interest in the field. He went back to Clark University in 1917 to finish his doctorate, but was drafted in World War I. In 1920, he finally received a Ph.D in psychology. He was the first African-American to do so. He was a professor of psychology and philosophy at several universities. Though he had to cross many financial hurtles because of his race, Sumner published articles on the topic of race and bias. From 1928 until his death, Sumner acted as the chair of the psychology department at Howard University. He served as Kenneth B. Clark’s mentor. Sumner’s contributions to psychology include his investigations of racism and bias in the treatment of African-Americans. He thought that the field of psychology should move away from philosophy and education. He helped found and strengthen the psychology department at Howard University.

Lillian Evelyn Moller Gilbreth (1878-1972) was born in Oakland, California. She was home-schooled until she was 9 years old, but when she began attending public elementary school, she was required to begin her formal education in first grade. After graduating high school in 1896, she began her undergraduate work at University of California in Berkeley where she studied English. Upon graduation, she was the first female commencement speaker. She then attended Columbia to pursue a graduate degree in psychology, but returned to the University of California to finish her master’s degree in literature. Gilbreth then completed her dissertation but was not awarded the doctorate. Her work, The Psychology of Management, was later published. In 1915, she received a Ph.D. in industrial psychology from Brown University. It was the first degree earned in this field. Gilbreth and her husband, Frank Gilbreth, believed that the ideas of Frederick Winslow Taylor, a mechanical engineer that focused on industrial efficiency, were not easy to implement or sufficient in improving efficiency. In 1926, Gilbreth began working for Johnson and Johnson in marketing research. She and her husband also worked as consultants in their own company, performing studies on time and motion. The Gilbreths were known as the central characters in Cheaper by the Dozen; their children were used in many of their experiments. She helped develop the modern linear kitchen layout. She served on the women’s section of the President’s Emergency Committee for Employment to help the reduction of female unemployment. Her major contribution to psychology was the idea of management psychology. She focused on the importance of human relations in the workplace, while understanding the workers’ individual differences. During her work as a consultant, she also offered training workshops for executives to learn how to apply scientific management techniques. She also pioneered organization psychology.