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Produced water and drilling waste discharges
Produced water (PW) discharges from petroleum discharges result in significant PAH (Poly-aromatic Hydrocarbon) discharges in the ocean. PW discharge is the largest such event in the world marine environment and it comes from offshore oil and gas production. The composition of materials in the PW depends on the characteristics of the region. However, PW mainly contains a mixture of a few select products such as formation water, oil, gas, brine water and added chemicals. Just like PW, formation water composition also depends on its surroundings although, it mainly consists of dissolved inorganic and organic compounds. PW was responsible for releasing 129 tons of PAHs in 2017. Due to the presence of harmful chemicals in PW, it is responsible for evoking toxic responses in the surrounding environment. For example, surveys done in the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS) found that PAHs released by PW were responsible for biological changes in mussel and Atlantic cod. Formation of PAH burden caused DNA damage and digestive-gland histochemistry in mussel.