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Unknown years of Jesus From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Page semi-protected Jesus followed by disciples, James Tissot, c. 1890

The unknown years of Jesus refers to the period between Jesus's childhood and the beginning of his ministry as recorded in the New Testament.[1] The term "silent years" is sometimes used instead.[2]

The phrase "lost years of Jesus" is also encountered in esoteric literature, but is not commonly used in scholarly literature since it is assumed that Jesus was probably working as a carpenter in Galilee from the age of twelve till thirty, so the years were not "lost years".

In the 19th and 20th centuries theories that between the ages of 12 and 30 Jesus had visited India, or had studied with the Essenes in Judea began to emerge.[3][4] Modern scholarship has generally rejected these theories and holds that nothing is known about this time period in the life of Jesus.[4][5][6][7]

The phrase "lost years" is also found in relation to theories arising from the "swoon hypothesis", the suggestion that Jesus survived his crucifixion. This, and the related view that he avoided crucifixion altogether, has given rise to several speculations about what happened to him in the supposed remaining years of his life. Contents

1 18 unknown years 2 Young Jesus in Britain 3 Jesus in India before crucifixion 3.1 Louis Jacolliot, 1869 3.2 Nicolas Notovich, 1887 3.3 Levi H. Dowling, 1908 3.4 Rejection by modern scholarship 4 Death in Kashmir after surviving crucifixion 4.1 Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, 1899 4.2 Holger Kersten, 1981 5 Mormonism and Jesus in the Americas 6 Artistic and literary renditions 6.1 Television 6.2 Films 6.3 Novels 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading

18 unknown years

Following the accounts of Jesus' young life, there is about an 18 years gap in his life story in the gospels.[4][8][5] Other than the generic statement that during the eighteen years Jesus "grew in wisdom, stature, and in favor with God and men," (Luke 2:41) the Bible has no other details regarding the gap.[4] While Christian tradition suggests that Jesus simply lived in Galilee during that period,[9] modern scholarship holds that there is little historical information to determine what happened during those years.[4] James Tissot's depiction of a young Jesus at the Temple, c, 1890 Brooklyn Museum

The ages of twelve and thirty, the ages at either end of the unknown years, have some significance in Judaism of the Second Temple period. 12 was the age of the bar mitzvah, the age of secular maturity,[10] and 30 was the age of readiness for the priesthood, although Jesus was not of the tribe of Levi.[11] Commentators generally take the "Is not this the carpenter?" (Mark 6.3) as an indication that Jesus prior to the age of thirty had been working in the trade of Joseph. The historical record of the large number of workmen employed in the rebuilding of Sepphoris has led Batey (1984) and others to suggest that when Jesus was in his teens and twenties carpenters would have found more employment at Sepphoris rather than at the small town of Nazareth.[12]

Aside from secular employment, and carpentry, commentators have also attempted to reconstruct the theological and rabbinical circumstances of the "unknown years" from 12-30. Shortly after the discovery of the Dead Sea scrolls American novelist Edmund Wilson (1955) was one of the first to have suggested Jesus may have studied with the Essenes,[13] followed by the Unitarian Charles F. Potter (1958) and others.[14] Other writers have taken the view that the predominance of the Pharisees in Palestine at this period, and Jesus' own later recorded interaction with the Pharisees, makes a Pharisee background more likely. In the recorded case of another Galilean, Josephus studied with all three groups: Pharisees, Sadducees and Essenes.[15]

The New Testament Apocrypha and early Christian pseudepigrapha preserve various legends filling the "gaps" in Christ's youth. Charlesworth (2008) explains this as due to the canonical Gospels having left "a narrative vacuum" that many have attempted to fill.[16] These traditions were largely supressed in Western Christendom but preserved in Georgian, Armenian, and Coptic sources. Young Jesus in Britain

There is an Arthurian legend that Jesus travelled to Britain as a boy, lived at Priddy in the Mendips, and built the first wattle cabin at Glastonbury.[17] William Blake's poem And did those feet in ancient time was inspired by the story of Jesus travelling to Britain. Glyn S. Lewis in Did Jesus Come to Britain? (2008) recounts the legends that Jesus visited Britain with his great-uncle Joseph of Arimathea. Joseph was supposedly a tin merchant and took Jesus under his care when his mother Mary was widowed.[18][19] Gordon Strachan wrote Jesus the Master Builder: Druid Mysteries and the Dawn of Christianity (1998), which was the basis of the documentary titled And Did Those Feet (2009). Strachan believed Jesus may have travelled to Britain to study with the Druids.[20][21][22]

The story of Jesus visiting Britain as a boy is a late development of legends connected with Joseph of Arimathea. During the late 12th century, Joseph of Arimathea became connected with the Arthurian cycle, appearing in them as the first keeper of the Holy Grail. This idea first appears in Robert de Boron's Joseph d'Arimathie, in which Joseph receives the Grail from an apparition of Jesus and sends it with his followers to Britain. This theme is elaborated upon in Boron's sequels and in subsequent Arthurian works penned by others. Later retellings of the story contend that Joseph of Arimathea himself travelled to Britain and became the first Christian bishop in the Isles.[23] Jesus in India before crucifixion Louis Jacolliot, 1869 See also: Jesus myth theory

The Jesus in India idea has been associated with Louis Jacolliot's book La Bible dans l'Inde, Vie de Iezeus Christna (1869)[24] (The Bible in India, or the Life of Jezeus Christna),[25] but there is no direct connection between his writings and those of writers on the Himmis mauscripts.

Jacolliot compares the accounts of the life of Bhagavan Krishna with that of Jesus Christ in the gospels and concludes that it could not have been a coincidence that the two stories have so many similarities in many of the finer details. He concludes that the account in the gospels is a myth based on the mythology of ancient India. However, Jacolliot is comparing two different periods of history (or mythology) and does not claim that Jesus was in India. He spells "Krishna" as "Christna" and claims that Krishna's disciples gave him the name "Jezeus," a name supposed to mean "pure essence" in Sanskrit,[25] although according to Max Muller it is not even a Sanskrit term at all – "it was simply invented"[26] by Jacoillot. Nicolas Notovich, 1887 Main article: Nicolas Notovitch Nicolas Notovitch

In 1887 a Russian war correspondent, Nicolas Notovitch claimed that at the lamasery or monastery of Hemis in Ladakh, he learned of the "Life of Saint Issa, Best of the Sons of Men." Isa is the Arabic name of Jesus in Islam. His story, with a translated text of the "Life of Saint Issa," was published in French in 1894 as La vie inconnue de Jesus Christ.

Notovitch's writings were immediately controversial and Max Müller, published a letter from a British colonial officer in India, questioning the presence of Notovitch in Ladakh and J. Archibald Douglas, a teacher at the Government College in Agra visited Hemis monastery in 1895, and claimed that he did not find any evidence that Notovich had been there. Edgar J. Goodspeed in his book "Famous Biblical Hoaxes" claims that the head abbot of the Hemis community signed a document that denounced Notovitch as an outright liar.[27]

Notovich at first responded to claims to defend himself.[28] However, Bart D. Ehrman states that "Today there is not a single recognized scholar on the planet who has any doubts about the matter. The entire story was invented by Notovitch, who earned a good deal of money and a substantial amount of notoriety for his hoax".[29] Levi H. Dowling, 1908 Main article: The Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ

The Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ channeled from "Akashik Records" by Levi H. Dowling, and published in 1908, claims to be the true story of the life of Jesus, including "the 'lost' eighteen years silent in the New Testament." The narrative follows the young Jesus across India, Tibet, Persia, Assyria, Greece and Egypt. Rejection by modern scholarship

Modern scholarship has generally rejected any travels by Jesus to India, Tibet or surrounding areas as without historical basis:

Robert Van Voorst states that modern scholarship has "almost unanimously agreed" that claims of the travels of Jesus to Tibet, Kashmir or India contain "nothing of value".[6] Marcus Borg states that the suggestions that an adult Jesus traveled to Egypt or India and came into contact with Buddhism are "without historical foundation".[7] John Dominic Crossan states that none of the theories presented about the travels of Jesus to fill the gap between his early life and the start of his ministry have been supported by modern scholarship.[5] Leslie Houlden states that although modern parallels between the teachings of Jesus and Buddha have been drawn, these comparisons emerged after missionary contacts in the 19th century and there is no historically reliable evidence of contacts between Buddhism and Jesus.[30] Paula Fredriksen states that no serious scholarly work places Jesus outside the backdrop of 1st century Palestinian Judaism.[31]

However, Elaine Pagels once expressed the view that "It is possible that Jesus went to India; we simply do not know."[32] Death in Kashmir after surviving crucifixion Further information: Swoon hypothesis and Islamic view of Jesus' death

The swoon hypothesis in critical western literature requires other years of Jesus after the crucifixion.

The traditional Islamic view of Jesus' death does not require other years of Jesus, since most Muslims believe Jesus was raised to Heaven without being put on the cross and God transformed another person to appear exactly like Jesus who was crucified instead of Jesus. However some interpretations of Hadith and other traditions have Jesus continuing on earth. Ibn Babawayh (d.991 CE) in Ikhmal ad Din recounts that Jesus went to a far country. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, 1899 See also: Jesus in India (book), Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam, and Roza Bal

According to Mirza Ghulam Ahmad the founder of the Ahmadiyyas, the further sayings of Muhammad say that Jesus died in Kashmir at the age of one hundred and twenty years. They identify the holy man Yuz Asaf buried at the the Roza Bal shrine in Srinagar, India as Jesus on the basis of an account in the History of Kashmir by the Sufi poet Khwaja Muhammad Azam Didamari (1747) that the holy man Yuz Asaf buried there was a prophet and a foreign prince.[33] The Swedish scholar Per Beskow in Jesus i Kashmir: Historien om en legend (1981) concluded that Ahmad had misidentified traditions about Gautama Buddha in the Bilawhar wa-Yudasaf legend as being about Jesus. Beskow updated his conclusions in English in 2011.[34] Holger Kersten, 1981

In 1981 Holger Kersten, a German writer on esoteric subjects popularised the subject in his Christ Lived in India.[35] Kersten's ideas were among various expositions of the theory critiqued by Günter Grönbold in Jesus in Indien. Das Ende einer Legende (Munich, 1985).[36] Wilhelm Schneemelcher states that the work of Kersten (which builds on Ahmad and The Aquarian Gospel) is fantasy and has nothing to do with historical research.[37] Gerald O'Collins states that Kersten's work is simply the repackaging of a legend for consumption by the general public.[38] Among texts cited by Kersten, following Andreas Faber-Kaiser, is the third khanda of the Pratisarga Parvan in the Bhavishya Mahapurana which contains discussion of "Isa Masih" and Muhammed. However Indologists such as Grönbold note that this section postdates not just the Quran,[39] but also the Mughals. Hiltebeitel (2009) establishes 1739 as the very earliest possible date for the section.[40] Mormonism and Jesus in the Americas See also: White Gods

According to the Book of Mormon, Jesus visited the American natives after his resurrection.[41] The book of Third Nephi, from verse 10 tells:

"10. Behold, I am Jesus Christ, whom the prophets testified shall come into the world. (...) 12. And it came to pass that when Jesus had spoken these words the whole multitude fell to the earth; for they remembered that it had been prophesied among them that Christ should show himself unto them after his ascension into heaven. (...) 14. Arise and come forth unto me, that ye may thrust your hands into my side, and also that ye may feel the prints of the nails in my hands and in my feet, that ye may know that I am the God of Israel, and the God of the whole earth, and have been slain for the sins of the world."[42]

L. Taylor Hansen wrote the book He Walked the Americas in 1963.[43] In the book drawing from Native American legends, folklore and mythology discussed that a "White Prophet" had visited many different parts of America. Mormons believe that the "White Prophet" was Jesus Christ.[44][45]

Some Mormon scholars believe that Quetzalcoatl, who they describe as a White, bearded God who came from the sky and promised to return, was actually Jesus Christ, in contrast with the Mesoamerican interpretation of their feathered serpent deity.[46] Latter-day Saint President John Taylor wrote: "The story of the life of the Mexican divinity, Quetzalcoatl, closely resembles that of the Savior; so closely, indeed, that we can come to no other conclusion than that Quetzalcoatl and Christ are the same being. But the history of the former has been handed down to us through an impure Lamanitish source. "[47]

This idea was adapted by science fiction author and Mormon Orson Scott Card in his story America. Artistic and literary renditions Television

The documentary Mysteries of the Bible refers to the Hemis manuscript and similar accounts as "wild stories of Jesus travelling to India to study with Eastern mystics." The documentary repeats the account of J. Archibald Douglas and the lama's denial of the manuscript's existence, without mentioning the corroborating evidence of Swami Abhedananda and Nicolas Roerich.[48] As proof that Jesus was in Galilee during that time, one scholar presents the Biblical quotation, "Is not this the carpenter (carpenter's son)"[49] as proof that he was well known to the local people. He adds that Jesus "went walkabout, he went out on tour."[48] Another scholar states that "any historian worth his salt" will go "with the earliest evidence, the gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John." "You can envision the family spending many years building houses, building furniture ... that's the family business."[48] The film continues, "He may not have been just a carpenter either, it is possible that he went [to the sea of Galilee] to fish. If he did, he would most likely have run into a group of fishermen." "It makes sense to presume ... [that Joseph died] and Jesus would have had to ... do the appropriate things as a son, namely ..." "By studying stories agreed on to be true, a clearer, albeit hypothesized, portrait of Christ's life can emerge."[48] Films

"American adventurer" Edward T. Martin, from Lampasas, Texas, wrote King of Travelers: Jesus' Lost Years in India (2008) was the basis for Paul Davids film Jesus in India (2008) seen on the Sundance Channel. The book and film cover Martin's search for Notovitch's claimed "Life of Issa."[50] Novels

The book Lamb: The Gospel According to Biff, Christ's Childhood Pal, by Christopher Moore, is a fictional story of Jesus's adolescence told from the point of view of Jesus's best friend. In it, he travels to India, China, and The Middle East to visit the three wise men, where they in turn teach Jesus one different facet of his later teachings. However in the afterward Moore is specific in mentioning that Buddhism didn't reach China in the lifetime of Jesus. For him to study under a Buddha in Tibet would have been anachronistic.

See also

Life of Jesus in the New Testament

References

^ Emil Bock The Childhood of Jesus: The Unknown Years 2008 "He also recreates the years between this time and Jesus' baptism." ^ Charlesworth ^ New York Times (May 27, 1926) ^ a b c d e All the People in the Bible by Richard R. Losch (May 1, 2008) Eerdsmans Press ISBN 0802824544 page 209 ^ a b c Who Is Jesus? by John Dominic Crossan, Richard G. Watts 1999 ISBN 0664258425 pages 28–29 ^ a b Van Voorst, Robert E (2000). Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 0-8028-4368-9 page 17 ^ a b The Historical Jesus in Recent Research edited by James D. G. Dunn and Scot McKnight 2006 ISBN 1-57506-100-7 page 303 ^ Paul L. Maier "The Date of the Nativity and Chronology of Jesus" in Chronos, kairos, Christos: nativity and chronological studies by Jerry Vardaman, Edwin M. Yamauchi 1989 ISBN 0-931464-50-1 pages 113-129 ^ Lloyd Kenyon Jones The Eighteen Absent Years of Jesus Christ "as a skilled and dutiful artisan and as a loving son and neighbor, Jesus was using those qualities which were to flame forth ... was the work which He was to do that He did not leave that home and that preparation until the mature age of thirty." ^ James H. Charlesworth The Historical Jesus: An Essential Guide 2008 "Only Luke reports that Jesus was in the Temple when he was twelve, apparently for his bar mitzvah (2:42), and that he began his public ministry when he was "about thirty years of age" (3:23). What did Jesus do from age twelve to thirty?" ^ Edwin W. Reiner The Atonement 1971 - Page 140 ""And Jesus himself began to be about thirty years of age, being (as was supposed) the son of Joseph." Luke 3:23. But Christ, of course, did not belong to the Levitical priesthood. He had descended neither from Aaron nor from the tribe of Levi." ^ W. D. Davies, Dale C. Allison, Jr. Matthew 8-18 2004 Page 456 "For the suggestion that Jesus worked not only in a wood-worker's shop in Nazareth but perhaps also in Sepphoris, helping to construct Herod's capital, see R. A. Batey, 'Is not this the Carpenter?', NTS 30 (1984), pp. 249-58. Batey also calls ..." ^ Menahem Mansoor -The Dead Sea Scrolls: A College Textbook and a Study Guide 1964 - Page 156 "Edmund Wilson suggests that the unknown years in the life of Jesus (ages 12-30) might have been spent with the sect, but there is no reference to this in the texts." ^ Charles F. Potter The Lost Years of Jesus Revealed Random House 1958 "For centuries Christian students of the Bible have wondered where Jesus was and what he did during the so-called "eighteen silent years" between the ages of twelve and thirty. The amazing and dramatic scrolls of the great Essene library found in cave after cave near the Dead Sea have given us the answer at last. That during those "lost years" Jesus was a student at this Essene school is becoming increasingly apparent. .." ^ Brennan Hill Jesus, the Christ: contemporary perspectives 1991- Page 6 "than about the people with whom Jesus lived. Josephus (d. 100 C.E.) was born just after the time of Jesus. He claims to have studied with the Pharisees, Sadducees, and Essenes as a young man," ^ James H. Charlesworth -The Historical Jesus: An Essential Guide 2008 The New Testament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha preserve many legends concocted to explain Jesus' youth. Tales have him ... The Evangelists have left "a narrative vacuum," and many have attempted to fill it. Only Luke reports that Jesus ...   ^ Geoffrey Ashe Camelot and the vision of Albion - Page 157 - 1971 "Blake may be referring to one of the odder offshoots of the Arthur-Grail imbroglio, the belief that Jesus visited Britain as a boy, lived at Priddy in the Mendips, and built the first wattle cabin at Glastonbury. This tale seems to have arisen quite ..." ^ The Illuminated Books of William Blake, Volume 5 Page 214 William Blake, Robert N. Essick, Joseph Viscomi - 1998 "The notion that Jesus visited Britain may have been reinforced for Blake by the name 'Lambeth' (house of the lamb - see 4:14-15 note). Compare Isaiah 52.7 ('How beautiful upon the mountains are the feet of him that bringeth good tidings, that ..."   ^ Jesus - Page 87 A. N. Wilson - 1993 "One such legend, which haunted the imagination of William Blake and, through Blake's lyric 'Jerusalem', has passed into British national legend, is the story that Jesus visited Britain as a boy. Though written sources for this folk-tale are ..."    ^ "Jesus in Britain".    ^ Glyn S. Lewis Did Jesus Come to Britain?: An Investigation Into the Traditions - 2008    ^ Dennis Price The Missing Years of Jesus: The Extraordinary Evidence That Jesus ... 2010 - Page 225 ".. that surely constitutes the greatest enigma in human history. There's no shortage of material indicating that Jesus visited Britain and we must ask if it provides us with a credible history that fits perfectly with the other known details of his life."   ^ "Likewise fabulous is the legend", continues the Catholic Encyclopedia, "which tells of his coming to Gaul A.D. 63, and thence to Great Britain, where he is supposed to have founded the earliest Christian oratory at Glastonbury. Finally, the story of the translation of the body of Joseph of Arimathea from Jerusalem to Moyenmonstre (Diocese of Toul) originated late and is unreliable."   ^ L. Jacolliot (1869) La Bible dans l'Inde, Librairie Internationale, Paris (digitized by Google Books)    ^ a b Louis Jacolliot (1870) The Bible in India, Carleton, New York (digitized by Google Books)    ^ Max Müller (1888), Journal of the Transactions of the Victoria Institute Volume 21, page 179    ^ Goodspeed, Edgar J. (1956). Famous Biblical Hoaxes or, Modern Apocrypha. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House.    ^ D.L. Snellgrove and T. Skorupski (1977) The Cultural Heritage of Ladakh, p. 127, Prajna Press ISBN 0-87773-700-2    ^ Ehrman, Bart D. (February 2011). "8. Forgeries, Lies, Deceptions, and the Writings of the New Testament. Modern Forgeries, Lies, and Deceptions" (EPUB). Forged: Writing in the Name of God—Why the Bible’s Authors Are Not Who We Think They Are. (First Edition. EPub Edition. ed.). New York: HarperCollins e-books. pp. 282–283. ISBN 978-0-06-207863-6. Retrieved September 8, 2011.   ^ Jesus: The Complete Guide 2006 by Leslie Houlden ISBN 082648011X page 140    ^ Fredriksen, Paula. From Jesus to Christ. Yale University Press, 2000, p. xxvi.    ^ John M Newman Quest for the Kingdom: The Secret Teachings of Jesus in the Light Yogic Mysticism 2011 Page 2008 Pagels "It is possible that Jesus went to India; we simply do not know."    ^ Günter Grönbold Jesus In Indien – Das Ende einer Legende. Kösel, München, 1985    ^ Per Beskow The Blackwell Companion to Jesus ed. Delbert Burkett 2011 "During the transmission of the legend, this name underwent several changes: to Budhasaf, Yudasaf, and finally Yuzasaf. In Greek, his name is Ioasaph; in Latin, Josaphat, ..."   ^ Jesus Lived in India: His Unknown Life Before and After the Crucifixion by Holger Kersten 1981 ISBN 0143028294 Penguin India    ^ Gregorianum Page 258 Pontificia università gregoriana (Rome) "The whole story of how this legend was simply created (without a shred of evidence in its support), spread widely among a gullible public and still finds such latter-day exponents as Holger Kersten is splendidly told by Günt[h]er Grönbold."    ^ New Testament Apocrypha, Vol. 1: Gospels and Related Writings by Wilhelm Schneemelcher and R. Mcl. Wilson (Dec 1, 1990) ISBN 066422721X page 84. Schneemelcher states that Kersten's work is based on "fantasy, untruth and ignorance (above all in the linguistic area)"    ^ Focus on Jesus by Gerald O'Collins and Daniel Kendall (Sep 1, 1998) ISBN 0852443609 Mercer Univ Press pages 169-171    ^ Mark Bothe Die "Jesus-in-Indien-Legende" - Eine alternative Jesus-Erzählung? -2011 Page 29 "... schließlich in Srinagar niedergelassen habe, liest Faber-Kaiser Mahapurana.85 Aus seinem Gespräch mit Professor Fida Hassnain entwickelt er zudem die ... aus einem Werk namens Tarikh-i-Kashmir und dem Bhavishya   ^ Alf Hiltebeitel Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics 2009 Page 276 "Thus 1739 could mark a terminus a quo for the text's history of the Mughals. If so, the same terminus would apply to its Genesis-Exodus sequence in its first khanda, its Jesus-Muhammad diptych in its third (the Krsnam&acaritd), and the history ..."   ^ Diane E. Wirth (1993-07-08). "Quetzalcoatl, the Maya Maize God, and Jesus Christ - Diane E. Wirth - Journal of Book of Mormon Studies - Volume 11 - Issue 1". Maxwellinstitute.byu.edu. Retrieved 2012-11-16.    ^ "3 Nephi 11". Lds.org. 2012-02-21. Retrieved 2012-11-16.    ^ L. Taylor Hansen, He walked the Americas, Amherst Press, 1963    ^ Michael W. Hickenbotham, Answering Challenging Mormon Questions, p. 204    ^ "He walked the Americas". Mindlight.info. Retrieved 2012-11-16.    ^ "Who Is Quetzalcoatl?". Icwseminary.org. Retrieved 2012-11-16.    ^ Taylor 1892:201, see original source    ^ a b c d National Geographic Channel (25 May 1996) Mysteries of the Bible, "The Lost Years of Jesus"    ^ The Gospel According to St. Mark, Chapter 6, Verse 3 (The Gospel According to St. Matthew, Chapter 13, Verse 55) ^ W. Barnes Tatum Jesus: A Brief History 2009 Page 237 "On the site, there appears the title in English with eye-catching flourishes: Jesus in India.50 Instead of a narrative retelling of the Jesus story, Jesus in India follows the American adventurer Edward T. Martin, from Lampasas, Texas, as he ..."

Further reading

Fida Hassnain. Search For The Historical Jesus. Down-to-Earth Books, 2006. ISBN 1-878115-17-0 Lewis, Glyn S. Did Jesus Come to Britain? East Sussex, Clairview, 2008. ISBN 978-1-905570-15-7 Potter, Charles. Lost Years of Jesus Revealed., Fawcett, 1985. ISBN 0-449-13039-8 Shawn Haigins. The Rozabal Line. 2007. ISBN 978-1-4303-2754-7. Prophet, Elizabeth Clare. The Lost Years of Jesus: Documentary Evidence of Jesus's 17-Year Journey to the East. Gardiner, Mont.: Summit University Press, 1987. ISBN 978-0-916766-87-0.