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Henry John Carter, FRS (18 August 1813 – 4 May 1895) was a surgeon working in Bombay, India, who carried out work in geology and zoology.

Early life and education
Henry John Carter was born in Budleigh Salterton, Devon county, England, on 18 August 1813. He begun his medical education at age 16 as an indoor pupil at the Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital. In 1835 he entered University College, where he was awarded a silver medal and second certificate in comparative anatomy in 1837, and a silver medal and comparative certificate in human anatomy in 1838. In the same year he graduated from the College of Surgeons and was appointed House Surgeon to University College Hospital. In 1840 he went to Paris, where he studied at the École de Médecine (Medical School).

Work in India
In 1841, Carter became a Surgeon in the Army of the East India Company, and landed in Bombay on 12 February 1842.

, and was deputed on medical duty to Calcutta via Madras, and returned via Mauritius the same year. Dr. Carter was now attached to the Artillery in Fort George Barracks in Bombay. He suffered from fever, but was ordered to proceed in medical charge of battery of artillery to Scinde, with only twelve hours' notice. He was present at the Battle of Hyderabad on 24 March 1843, for which he received a medal and share of prize money, and he was the same year placed in medical charge of a detachment of troops for the appalling march through the desert to Umarkot, at nearly the hottest season of the year. The deceased was next gazetted to the medical charge of Her Majesty's 21st Foot, sent in pursuit of Mir Sher Muhammad Talpur to Nasirpur in the desert. Great sickness attended this duty. In 1844 he was appointed medical officer to the surveying brig Palinurus, sent to survey the south-eastern coast of Arabia, where he remained two years, and in July, 1846, was appointed Assistant Civil Surgeon in Bombay as well as Surgeon to the Coroner and Surgeon to the Byculla Schools, and the same year he was nominated Honorary Secretary of the Medical and Physical Society of Calcutta. After resigning this post, he was appointed Honorary Secretary of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1847, of which lie was made a Fellow. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and the same year was elected President of the Economic Museums Committee, Fellow of the University of Bombay, President of the Medical and Physical Society of Calcutta, and Justice of the Peace. On his return to England in 1862 the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society voted him £100 with which to purchase a microscope in recognition of his eminent services to science and for having served the Society as secretary for fifteen years. On his retirement he settled in his native place, Budleigh Salterton, and in 1864 married an Irish lady, by whom he had one child, a daughter, who, with her mother, survives him. In 1872 he received the Royal Medal from the Royal Society. On October 4th, 1888, he had a paralytic attack chiefly manifested by impaired powers of speech and vision, from the effects of which he gradually rallied but never thoroughly recovered. His interment in the churchyard of East Budleigh took place on May 10th in the presence of a select circle of friends. Dr. Carter's contributions to our geological knowledge of India embrace the country between Hyderabad and the mouth of the Indus (1848), the south-east coast of Arabia (1857); the Island of Bombay (1857), and Scinde, Western India, and Beloochistan (1861); his summary of the Geology of India being the work with which his name will be mainly associated (1857). Dr. Carter's scientific writings were numerous and varied.

He worked as an army surgeon in Bombay from 1859 on Her Majesty's Indian Service, Bombay Establishment. He edited a collection of geological papers on Western India, including a summary of the geology of India, which was published in 1857. Many items of his published work appeared in the journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, and in the Annals of Natural History. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1859. He was awarded the Royal Society's Royal Medal in 1872 for "...his long continued and valuable researches in zoology, and more especially for his inquiries into the natural history of the Spongiadae."

He was a member of the Academy of Natural Sciences and of the Boston Society of Natural History

Publications

 * This list is not exhaustive