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= Charlotte Nirmalani Gunawardena, Ph.D. =

Biography/Personal Life
Dr. Charlotte Nirmalani Gunawardena was born and raised in Sri Lanka. She attended Ladies College, a private school in Colombo. She currently resides in Albuquerque, New Mexico, where she lectures at the University of New Mexico as a professor of Distance Education and Instructional Technology. She is a dual citizen of both Sri Lanka and the United States and refers to herself as a “global nomad" living at the edge of two cultures (Sri Lankan and American) . She is also fondly referred to as “Lani”.

Education and Academic Career
Gunawardena earned her bachelor’s degree in English at the University of Sri Lanka. She went on to the University of Kansas in the United States where she obtained a master’s degree in education with an emphasis on the Teaching of English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL).

Her interest in distance education led her to her doctoral studies at the University of Kansas where she earned her doctorate with Honours in Curriculum and Instruction with Instructional Technology as the major emphasis and Instructional Television was the minor. For her dissertation, New Communications Technologies and Distance Education: A Paradigm for the Integration of Video-based Instruction, Gunawardena received the National University Continuing Education Association’s Charles A. Wedemeyer award.

Gunawardena went on to the University of Oklahoma where she finished her post-doctoral studies as a Kellogg Research Fellow. Afterwards, she joined the College of Education at the University of New Mexico as part of the Organizational Learning and Instructional Technology programme (which was formerly known as the Training and Learning Technologies Department) where she was an Assistant Professor of Distance Education and Instructional Technology in 1989. Dr. Gunawardena went on to establish and expand the graduate emphasis in distance education in the Organization, Information  Learning Sciences (OILS) programme and has been teaching the field of distance and online education for over thirty years. She is currently Distinguished Professor of Distance Education and Instructional Technology in the programme.

Research
Dr. Gunawardena has combined her passion for distance education with her interest in the influence of culture on communication, technology and learning, and this is seen in the courses that she teaches with respect to global and adult learning.

Her research interests also include the social construction of knowledge (SCK) in online learning communities, social presence theory, adult learning, interaction analysis, culturally inclusive instructional design and cross-cultural e-mentoring.

In 2014, she was part of a research team as Principal Investigator, for the Ghana Mobile and e-Learning Project: Analysis of a Blended Distance Learning Model and E-learning Technologies to train Physician Assistants in Rural Ghana.  (UNM IRB Study ID: 13821, 2014).

The aim of the project was to investigate how the blended distance education model employing mobile learning, eLearning and face-to-face sessions for the purpose of training Physician Assistants in Central University College in Accra, Ghana, affected the learning process, and the students’ capacity for distance learning. This research project was carried out using design-based research and a mixed methods research design.

Dr. Gunawardena initiated a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between the Central University College and the Organization, Information  Learning Sciences/ Organizational Learning and Instructional Technology programme. This collaboration started a distance learning solution which included mobile learning and eLearning to instruct physician assistants in their own communities in the rural areas of Ghana. As a result, OILS students became part of a global virtual team, were able to understand a specific cultural context and design and implement a scholarly programme at a distance and participate in on-site training of the College students and faculty as well as be part of a research study.

Publications
Dr. Gunawardena has over 125 publications.

Books
Gunawardena, C. N., Frechette, C., & Layne, L. (2019). Culturally Inclusive Instructional Design: A Framework and Guide for Building Online Wisdom Communities. New York: Routledge.

Jung, I. & Gunawardena, C. N. (Eds.), (July, 2014). Culture and Online Learning: Global Perspectives and Research. Sterling, VA: Stylus.

Articles in Refereed Journals, National and International
Jayatilleke, B. G., Kulasekara, G. U., Kumarasinha, M. B., & Gunawardena, C. N. (2017). Implementing the first cross-border professional development online course through international e-mentoring: Reflections and perspectives, Open Praxis, 9(1), pp. 31-44.

Gunawardena, C. N., Flor, N. V., Gomez, D., & Sanchez, D. (2016). Analyzing social construction of knowledge Online by Employing Interaction Analysis, Learning Analytics, and Social Network Analysis. The Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 17(3), 35-60.

Jayatilleke, B. D., Gunawardena, C. (2016). Cultural perceptions of online learning: Transnational faculty perspectives, Asian Association of Open Universities Journal, 11 (I), 50 – 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/AAOUJ-07-2016-0019

Palalas, A., Berezin, N., Gunawardena, C. N., & Kramer, G. (2015). A design based research framework for implementing a transnational mobile and blended learning solution. International Journal of Mobile and Blended Learning, 7(4), 57-74.

Barberà, E., Layne, L., & Gunawardena, C. N.  (2014). Designing online interaction to address disciplinary competencies: A cross-country study of faculty perspectives. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning (IRRODL), v. 15, n. 2, p. 142-169. Available at: < http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/1892/2896 >. Date accessed: 13 Jul. 2014.

Lucas, M., Gunawardena, C., & Moreira, A. (2014). Assessing social construction of knowledge online: A critique of the interaction analysis model. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 574-582.

Gunawardena, C.N., Linder-VanBerschot, J. A., LaPointe, D. K., Rao, L. (2010). Predictors of learner satisfaction and transfer of learning in a corporate online education program. The American Journal of Distance Education, 24(4), 207-226.

Gunawardena, C. N., Hermans, M. B., Sanchez, D., Richmond, C., Bohley, M., & Tuttle, R. (2009). A theoretical framework for building online communities of practice with social networking tools. Educational Media International, 46(1), 3-16.

Knight, E., Gunawardena, C. N., Aydin, C. H. (2009). Cultural interpretations of the visual meaning of icons and images used in North American web design. Educational Media International, 46 (1), 17-35.

Hollifield, M., Hewage, C., Gunawardena, C. N., Kodituwakku, P., Bopagoda, K., & Weerarathnege, K. (2008). Symptoms and coping in Sri-Lanka 20-21 months after the 2004 tsunami. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 192, 39-44.

Gunawardena, C. N., Ortegano-Layne, L., Carabajal, K., Frechette, C., Lindemann, K., Jennings, B. (2006). New model, new strategies: Instructional design for building online wisdom communities. Distance Education, 27(2), 217–232.

Duphorne, P. L., & Gunawardena, C. N. (2005). The effect of three computer conferencing designs on critical thinking skills of nursing students. The American Journal of Distance Education, 19(1), 37-50.

Gunawardena, C. N., Walsh, S. L., Gregory, E. M., Lake, M. Y., & Reddinger, L. E. (2005). Cultural perceptions of face negotiation in online learning environments. Electronic Journal of Communication/ La Revue Electronique de Communication, 15(1&2), http://www.cios.org/www/ejc/v15n12.htm

Gunawardena, C. N., Jennings, B., Ortegano-Layne,  L., Frechette, C., Carabajal, K., Lindemann, K., & Mummert, J. (2004). Building an online wisdom community: A transformational design model. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 15(2), 40-62.

LaPointe, D. K., & Gunawardena, C. N. (2004). Developing, testing and refining of a model to understand the relationship between peer interaction and learning outcomes in computer-mediated conferencing. Distance Education, 25(1), 83-106.

Walsh, S. L., Gregory, E. M., Lake, M. Y., & Gunawardena, C. N. (2003). Self-construal, facework, and conflict styles among cultures in online learning environments. Educational Technology Research and Development, 51(4), 113-122.

Gunawardena, C. N., Nolla, A. C., Wilson, P.L., López-Islas, J. R., Ramírez-Angel, N., & Megchun-Alpízar, R. M. (2001). A cross-cultural study of group process and development in online conferences, Distance Education, 22, (1), 85-121.

Gunawardena, C. N., & Duphorne, P. L. (2000). Predictors of learner satisfaction in an academic computer conference. Distance Education, 21(1), 101-117.

Boverie, P., Gunawardena, C. N., Lowe, C. A., Murrell, Wm. G., Zittle, R. H., & Zittle, F. (2000). Designing  satellite instruction for elementary students: Importance of the classroom teacher. International Journal of Educational Telecommunications, 6(2), 107-122.

Gunawardena, C. N. (1998). Designing collaborative learning environments mediated by computer conferencing: Issues and challenges in the Asian socio-cultural context. Indian Journal of Open Learning, 7(1), 105-124.

Gunawardena, C. N., &  Zittle, F. (1997). Social presence as a predictor of satisfaction within a computer mediated conferencing environment. The American Journal of Distance Education, 11(3), 8-25.

Gunawardena, C. N., Lowe, C. A., & Anderson, T. (1997). Analysis of a global online debate and the development of an interaction analysis model for examining social construction of knowledge in computer conferencing. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 17(4), 395-429.

Gunawardena, C. N., Jayatilleke, B. G., & Lekamge, G. D. (1996). Learning styles of the Open University students of Sri Lanka (International Review). Educational Technology Research & Development, 44(1), 115-120.

Gunawardena, C. N. (1995). Social presence theory and implications for interaction and collaborative learning in computer conferences. International Journal of Educational Telecommunications, 1(2/3), 147-166.

Hillman, D. C. A., Willis, D. J., & Gunawardena, C. N. (1994). Learner-interface interaction in distance education: An extension of contemporary models and strategies for practitioners. The American Journal of Distance Education, 8(2), 30-42.

Dillon, C. L., Gunawardena, C. N. & Parker, R. (1992). Learner support in distance education: An evaluation of a statewide telecommunication system. International Journal of Instructional Media, 19,(4), 297-311.

Gunawardena, C. N. (1992). Changing faculty roles for audiographics and online teaching. The American Journal of Distance Education, 6(3), 58-71.

Dillon, C. L., &  Gunawardena, C. N. (1992). Evaluation research in distance education. British Journal of Educational Technology, 23(3), 181-194.

Dillon, C. L., Gunawardena, C. N., & Parker, R. (1992).  Learner support: The critical link in distance education. Distance Education, 13(1), 29-45.

Gunawardena, C. N. (1991). Current trends in the use of communications technologies for delivering distance education. International Journal of Instructional Media, 18(3), 201-213.

Gunawardena, C. N. (1990). Integrating telecommunication systems to reach distance learners. The American Journal of Distance Education, 4(3), 38-46.

Gunawardena, C. N. (1989). The present perfect in the rhetorical divisions of biology and biochemistry journal articles. English for Specific Purposes Journal, 8 (3), 265-273.

Articles in Non-Refereed Journals
Frechette, C., Gunawardena, C. N., & Layne, L. (2016). How to design culturally inclusive online learning experiences (Yiwei Peng trans.). Journal of Distance Education in China, 12, 5-14. DOI 10.13541/j.cnki.chinade.20161216.001

Gunawardena, C. N. & Zittle, R. (1997). Distance learning and K-12 education in the United States, Open Praxis, Bulletin of the International Council of Distance Education, Vol. 1.

Book Chapters
Gunawardena, C. N. (2017). Cultural perspectives on social presence. In A. L. Whiteside, A. G. Dikkers, & K. Swan (Eds.), Social Presence in Online Learning: Multiple Perspectives on Practice and Research (pp. 113-129). Sterling, VA: Stylus.

Gunawardena, C. N. (2014). Globalization, Culture, and Online Distance Learning. In O. Zawacki-Richter & T. Anderson (Eds.), Online Distance Education – Towards a Research Agenda. (pp. 75-107). Edmonton, Canada:Athabasca University Press.

Gunawardena, C. N. (2013). Culture and Online Distance Learning. In M. G. Moore (Ed.), Handbook of distance education (3rd Edition) (pp. 185-200). New York, NY: Routledge.

Gunawardena, C. N., Idrissi Alami, A., Jayatilleke, G., & Bouacharine, F. (2009). Identity, gender, and language in synchronous cybercultures: A cross-cultural study. In R. Goodfellow & M. N. Lamy (Eds.), Learning cultures in online education (pp.30 –51). London, UK: Continuum.

Gunawardena, C. N., & LaPointe, D. (2008). Social and cultural diversity in distance education. In T. Evans, M. Haughey, & D. Murphy (Eds.), International handbook of distance education (pp. 51-70). Bingley, UK: Emerald.

Gunawardena, C. N., & LaPointe, D. (2007). Cultural dynamics of online learning. In M. G. Moore (Ed.), Handbook of distance education (2nd ed., pp. 593-607). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Gunawardena, C. N., & McIsaac, M.S. (2004). Distance education. In D. Jonassen (Ed.), The handbook of research on education communications and technology (2nd ed., pp. 355-395). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Gunawardena, C. N. (2004). The challenge of designing inquiry-based online learning environments: Theory into practice. In T. Duffy & J. Kirkley (Eds.), Learner centered theory and practice in distance education: Cases from higher education (pp. 143-158). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Gunawardena, C. (2004). Designing the social environment for online learning: The role of social presence. In D. Murphy, R. Carr, J. Taylor, & T. Wong (Eds.), Distance education and technology: Issues and practice (pp. 255-270). Hong Kong: Open University of Hong Kong Press.

Lowe, C., & Gunawardena C. (2004). Methods for evaluating interface design for online learning environments. In D. Murphy, R. Carr, J. Taylor, & T. Wong (Eds.), Distance education and technology: Issues and practice  (pp.160-169). Hong Kong: Open University of Hong Kong Press.

Gunawardena, C. N., & La Pointe, D. K. (2003). Planning and management of student assessment. In S. Panda (Ed.), Planning and management in distance education (pp. 195-205). Open and Distance Learning Series, London, UK: Kogan Page.

Gunawardena, C. N., Wilson, P. L., & Nolla, A. C. (2003). Culture and online education. In M. Moore & B. Anderson (Eds.), Handbook of distance learning (pp. 753-775). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Carabajal, K., La Pointe, D., & Gunawardena, C. N. (2003). Group development in online learning communities. In M. Moore & B. Anderson (Eds.), Handbook of distance learning  (pp. 217-234). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Gunawardena, C. N. (2003). Researching online learning and group dynamics: Models and methods. In Y. Fritze, G. Haugsbakk, & Y. T. Nordkvelle (Eds.), Dialog og noerhet (pp. 94-108). Kristiansand S., Norway: Hoyskoleforlaget AS- Norwegian Academic Press.

Gunawardena, C. N. (2001). Reflections on evaluating online learning and teaching. In E. J. Burge & M. Haughey (Eds.), Using learning technologies: International perspectives on practice(pp. 115-124). London: Routledge Falmer.

Gunawardena, C., Plass, J., & Salisbury, M. (2001). Do we really need an online discussion group? In D. Murphy, R. Walker, & G. Webb (Eds.), Online learning and  teaching with technology: Case studies, experience and practice (pp. 36-43). London: Kogan Page.

Gunawardena, C. N. & Zittle, R. (1998). Faculty development programmes in distance education in American higher education. In C. Latchem & F. Lockwood (Eds.), Staff development in open and flexible learning(pp. 105-114). London: Routledge.

Sanchez, I., &  Gunawardena, C. N. (1998). Understanding and supporting the culturally diverse distance learner. In C. Campbell Gibson (Ed.),  Distance learners in higher education: Institutional responses for quality outcomes  (pp. 47-64). Madison, WI: Atwood Publishing.

McIsaac, M.S.,  & Gunawardena, C. N.  (1996). Distance Education. In D. H. Jonassen (Ed.), Handbook of research for educational communications and technology (pp. 403-437). New York: Simon & Schuster Macmillan.

Gunawardena, C. N. (1993). Inter-university collaborations: Factors impacting group learning in computer conferencing. In B. Scriven, R. Lundin, & Y. Ryan (Eds.), Distance education for the twenty-first century.  (pp. 248-251). Brisbane, Qld., Australia: Queensland University of Technology Press.

Gunawardena, C. (1990). The integration of video-based instruction. In D. R. Garrison & D. Shale (Eds.), Education at a distance: From issues to practice  (pp. 109-122). Malabar, FL: Krieger.

Monograph Chapters
Gunawardena, C. N. (2005 October) Social presence and implications for designing online learning communities. Open Education Research, 11(5), 54-60. (Published in PRC and in Chinese Social Science Citation Index).

Gunawardena, C. N., & Zittle, R. H. (1995). An examination of teaching and learning processes in distance education and implications for designing instruction. Research Monograph of the American Center for the Study of Distance Education, 12, 51-63. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University.

Gunawardena, C. (1995). Nuevos caminos en el aprendizaje: nuevas formas de evaluar (L. Bueno, Trans.). In Cuadernos de Educacion a Distancia 3, Enfoques Sobre Evaluacion de Los Aprendizajes en Educacion A Distancia II. Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jal. Mexico.

Gunawardena, C. N. (1993). Collaborative learning and group dynamics in computer-mediated communication networks. Research Monograph of the American Center for the Study of Distance Education, 9, 14-24. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University.

Foreword
Foreword (2017). In A. L. Whiteside, A. G. Dikkers, & K. Swan (Eds.), Social Presence in Online Learning: Multiple Perspectives on Practice and Research (pxiii-xv). Sterling, VA: Stylus.

Book Reviews in Refereed Journals
Gunawardena, C. N. (1993). [Review of the book Videoconferencing and the Adult Learner]. Open Learning, 8(2), 66.

Interviews
Gunawardena, C. N. (2014, March). Invited participant in the video debate (via Google Hangout) on  “A free education online: too good to be true?” organized by The Guardian Newspaper in the U. K., Extreme Learning Series.

http://www.theguardian.com/education/video/2014/mar/06/free-education-online-video-debate

Gunawardena, C. N. (2008, June). Online communities equalize differences between rich and poor. [Interview conducted by Salvador Tordera]  Open University of Catalonia, Spain, Web Site.

Gunawardena, C. N. (2005, February). Distance education and cross-cultural communication. [Interview conducted and translated to Chinese by Xi Jianhua & Zhang Xiumei]. Open Education Research Journal, 11(1), 4-7.

Gunawardena, C. N. (2003, November). Research and development in distance education. [Interview conducted by Dr. Farhad Saba]. Distance-Educator.com.

Refereed Conference Proceedings
Frechette, C., Gunawardena, C. N., & Layne, L. (2020). From Theory to Platform: Designing Software to Support Online Wisdom Communities. In M. Brown, M. Nic Giolla Mhichil, E. Beirne, & E. Costello (eds.), Proceedings of the 2019 ICDE World Conference on Online Learning, Volume 1, (pp. 272-281)''. ''Dublin, Ireland: Dublin City University, http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3804014

Gunawardena, C., Jayatilleke, G., Kulasekara, G. & Kumarasinha, M. (2020). Distributed Co-Mentoring as a Means to Develop Culturally Inclusive Online Learning Communities. In M. Brown, M. Nic Giolla Mhichil, E. Beirne, & E. Costello (eds.), Proceedings of the 2019 ICDE World Conference on Online Learning, Volume 1, (pp. 389-400)''. ''Dublin, Ireland: Dublin City University, http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3804014

Sanchez, D., Flor, N., & Gunawardena, C. (2020). Employing Social Learning Analytic Methods (SLAMs) to Reimagine the Social Dynamic of Online Learning Collaborations. In M. Brown, M. Nic Giolla Mhichil, E. Beirne, & E. Costello (eds.), Proceedings of the 2019 ICDE World Conference on Online Learning, Volume 1, (pp. 817-832)''. ''Dublin, Ireland: Dublin City University, http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3804014

Gunawardena. C. N., Flor, N. V., & Sanchez, D. M. (2018). Learning analytics and social construction of knowledge online. In Proceedings of the 34th Annual Distance Teaching and Learning Conference (pp. 271-277). Madison, Wisconsin: Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System.

Gunawardena, C. N., Palalas, A., Berezin, N., Legere, C., Kramer, G., & Amo-Kwao, G. (2016). Negotiating cultural spaces in an international mobile and blended learning project. In L. E. Dyson, J. Fergusson, &  W. Ng, (Eds.), Mobile Learning Futures-Sustaining Quality Research and Practice in Mobile Learning: Proceedings of the 15th World Conference on Mobile and Contextual Learning, mLearn 2016 (pp. 83-94). Sydney, Australia: The University of Technology.

Gunawardena, C., Faustino, G., Keller, P., Garcia, F., Barrett, K., Skinner, J., Gibrail, R., Jayatilleke, B., Kumarasinha, M., Kulasekara, G. & Fernando, S. (2013). E-mentors facilitating social construction of knowledge in online case-based reasoning. In Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Mentoring Conference (pp. 60-68). Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico, The Mentoring Institute.

Gunawardena, C. N., Layne, L. C., & Frechette, C. (2012). Designing wise communities that engage in creative problem solving: An analysis of an online design model. In Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Conference of the International Council of Educational Media (pp. 369-379). Also available at http://icem2012.cardet.org/index.php/conference-presentations-videos

Jayatilleke, B. G.,  Kulasekera,  G. U., Kumarasinha, M. C. B., & Gunawardena, C. N.  (2012). Cross-cultural E-mentor Roles in Facilitating Inquiry-based Online Learning. Proceedings of the 26th Annual Conference of Asian Association of Open Universities (pp. 60-68). Chiba, Japan.

Gunawardena, C. N., Jayatilleke, B. G., Fernando, S., Kulasekere, C., Lamontagne, M. D., Ekanayake, M. B., Thaiyamuthu, T. (2012). Developing online tutors and mentors in Sri Lanka through a community building model: Predictors of satisfaction. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in ICT for Emerging Regions (pp. 145-155). doi: 10.1109/ICTer.2012.6421413

Gunawardena, C.N., Keller, P.S., Garcia, F., Faustino, G.L., Barrett, K., Skinner, J. K., Gibrail, R. P. S., Jayatilleke, B. G., Kumarasinha, M.C.B., Kulasekara, G.U., & Fernando, S. (2011). Transformative education through technology: Facilitating social construction of knowledge online through cross-cultural e-mentoring. In V. Edirisinghe (ed.), Proceedings of The 1st International Conference on the Social Sciences and the Humanities (volume 1), pp.114-118. Peradeniya, Sri Lanka: The faculty of Arts, University of Peradeniya.

Knight, E., Gunawardena, C., Barberà E. (2010). Beyond Hofstede: Designing visual meanings of icons and images for cross-cultural interpretation. In V. Evers, J. Abdelnour-Nocera and E. Del Galdo (Eds.), Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Internationalization of Products and Systems (IWIPS ’10), London, England, July 7-10.

Layne, L., Gunawardena, C. N., & Main, C. (2010). Enhancing collaborative problem solving in distance education courses using web-based concept mapping. In J.Sánchez,  A.J.Cañas,  J.D.Novak,  (eds.), Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Concept Mapping (pp. 213-221). Viña del Mar, Chile.

Gunawardena, C. N., Weaver, M. R., Barberà, E., Ortegano-Layne, L., Amezcua, L., Lester, D. (2009). A Cross-disciplinary, cross-country study of faculty perspectives on interaction in online courses. Proceedings of the 23rd International Council for Open and Distance Education (ICDE) World Conference. Maastricht, The Netherlands: Open Universiteit. www.ou.nl.

Loureiro, M. J. M. N., & Gunawardena, C. N. (2009). Analysis of negotiation and argumentative skilss in online collaborative learning from social, cognitive, and constructivist perspectives. Proceedings of the 23rd International Council for Open and Distance Education (ICDE) World Conference. Maastricht, The Netherlands: Open Universiteit. www.ou.nl.

Charlotte N. Gunawardena, C. N. Jayatilleke, G., Bouachrine, F., Idrissi Alami, A., (2009). A cross-cultural study of online social presence: Implications for designing virtual learning communities. Proceedings of the 23rd International Council for Open and Distance Education (ICDE) World Conference. Maastricht, The Netherlands: Open Universiteit. www.ou.nl.

LaPointe, D., Richmond, C., VanBerschot, J. A. Gunawardena, L., Barrett, K., Cardiff, M., & Skinner, J. (2008). E-mentoring strategies for cross-cultural learning and community building. Proceedings of the 2008 Mentoring Conference: Fostering a Mentoring Culture in the 21st Century (pp.107-114). Albuquerque, NM: The University of New Mexico, Mentoring Institute.

Gunawardena, C. N., LaPointe, D., Linder-VanBerschot, J. A., Skinner, J. K., Richmond, C., Barrett, K., & Cardiff, M. S. (2008). E-mentoring to guide inquiry-based online learning across cultures. Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference on Distance Teaching and Learning  (pp. 213-217). Madison, WI: The Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System.

Gunawardena, C. N., Idrissi-Alami, A., Jayatilleke, G., Bouachrine, F. (2008). A cross-cultural study of identity and face negotiation in visually anonymous online chat. In F. Sudweeks, H. Hrachovec, & C. Ess (Eds.), Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Cultural Attitudes towards Technology and Communication 2008, Nimes, France (pp. 525-539). Murdoch, WA, Australia: Murdoch University, School of Information Technology.

Knight, E., Gunawardena, C., Barberà, E., Aydin, C. (2008). Cross-cultural perspectives of icon and image design of North American academic websites. In F. Sudweeks, H. Hrachovec, & C. Ess (Eds.), Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Cultural Attitudes towards Technology and Communication 2008, Nimes, France (pp. 204-209). Murdoch, WA, Australia: Murdoch University, School of Information Technology.

Gunawardena, C. N., VanBerschot, J. L., LaPointe, D., Barrett, K., Mummert, J., Cardiff, M. S., & Skinner, J. (2007). Learning transformations through cross-cultural e-mentoring: Perspectives from an online faculty development forum. In P. Cranton & E. Taylor (Eds.), Proceedings of the Seventh International Transformative Learning Conference (pp. 162-167).  Harrisburg, PA: Penn State.

Gunawardena, C. N., & Jayatilleke, B. G. (2007). Identity, face negotiation, and gender in online synchronous interactions: A socio-cultural perspective for knowledge communities. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Open and Online Learning, Penang, Malaysia.

Gunawardena, C. N., Fernando, S., Kulasekere, C., Lamontagne, M. D., Ekanayake, M. B., Thaiyamuthu, T., & Jayatilleke, B. G. (2007). Online tutor mentor development through community building: A case study from a transitional nation. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Open and Online Learning, Penang, Malaysia.

Knight, E., Gunawardena, C., Bouachrine, F., Dassanayake, N., Gnanakumar, & T., Kulasuriya, C. (2006). A cross-cultural study of icons and images used in North American web design. In K. Morgan, C.A. Brebbia, & J.M. Spector (Eds.), The Internet Society II: Advances in Education, Commerce & Governance,  (pp. 135-145). Southampton: WIT Press.

Wilson, P. & Gunawardena, C. (2005). Measuring learning of the HbL method of teaching science in an online staff development workshop for teachers. In G. Richards (Ed.), Proceedings of World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education 2005 (pp. 462-467). Chesapeake, VA: AACE.

Ortegano-Layne, L., & Gunawardena, C. N.  (2004). Synthesizing social construction of knowledge in online conferences using concept maps. In A. J. Canas, J. D. Novak, & F. M. Gonzalez (Eds.), Proceedings of the First International Conference on Concept Mapping [Concept Maps: Theory, Methodology, Technology] (pp. 495-502). Pamplona, Spain.

Gunawardena, C. N., Lowe, C. A., Wilson, P., Good, J., Lindemann, K., Ortegano-Layne, L., Boverie, P. (2003). Evaluating web interface design for online teacher professional development: Standards, methods, and instruments. In Proceedings of the Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education International Conference (pp. 1826-1829). Charlottesville, VA: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education.

Gunawardena, C. N., Walsh, S. L., Reddinger, L., Gregory, E., Lake, Y., Davies, A. (2002). Negotiating “Face” in a non-face-to-face learning environment. In F. Sudweeks & C. Ess (Eds.), Proceedings of the Cultural Attitudes Towards Communication and Technology Conference 2002 (pp. 89-106). Montreal, Canada: University of Montreal.

Wilson, P. L., Nolla, A. C., Gunawardena, C. N., Lopez-Islas, J.,  Ramirez-Angel, N., & Megchun-Alpirez, R. M. (2002). A qualitative analysis of online group process in two cultural contexts. In F. Sudweeks & C. Ess (Eds.), Proceedings of the Cultural Attitudes Towards Communication and Technology Conference 2002 (pp. 51-67). Montreal, Canada: University of Montreal.

Piva Jr., D., Miskulin, M., Freitas, R., Gunawardena, C. N., Nakamiti, G., (2002). Applying case-based reasoning in online courses to improve the collaborative process. Proceedings of the 2002 European Distance Education Network (EDEN) Conference  (pp. 225-230). Granada, Spain.

Piva Jr., D., Miskulin, M., Gunawardena, C. N., Gonaalves,Jr., G., Miskulin, R. G. S. (2002). An artificial intelligence-based application for facilitating interaction and learning assessment in on-line engineering courses. Proceedings of the 2002 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference and Exposition (Session 1496). Montreal, Canada. American Society for Engineering Education.

Gunawardena, C. N., Carabajal, K., Lowe, C. A., & Wood, J. (2000). Models and methods for evaluating online learning networks. Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference on Distance Teaching and Learning (pp. 483-489). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin System.

Wilson, P. L., Gunawardena, C. N., & Nolla, A. C. (2000). Cultural factors influencing on-line interaction and group dynamics. Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference on Distance Teaching and Learning (pp. 449-456). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin System.

Gunawardena, C., Lowe, C., & Carabajal, K. (2000). Evaluating online learning: Models and methods. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference of the Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education (SITE), (pp.1677-1684). Charlottesville, VA: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education.

Gunawardena, C. N. (1999). The challenge of designing and evaluating “interaction” in web-based distance education. Proceedings of the WebNet World Conference on the WWW and Internet  (pp. 451-456). Charlottesville, VA: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education.

Crandall, S. & Gunawardena, C. N. (1999). Using the Web for facilitating problem-based learning and case-based reasoning in the training of pre-clinical medical students. Proceedings of the WebNet World Conference on the WWW and Internet(pp. 1232-1233). Charlottesville, VA: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education.

Gunawardena, C. N., &  Lowe, C. A. (1998). Transcript analysis of computer-mediated conferences as a tool for testing constructivist and social-constructivist learning theories. Proceedings of the Fourteenth  Annual Conference on Distance Teaching and Learning  (pp. 139-145)''. '' Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Gunawardena, C. N., & Lowe, C. A. (1998). The development of an interaction analysis model for examining social negotiation of knowledge. In J. Baggaley, T. Anderson, and  M. Haughey (Eds.), Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Conference of the Canadian Association for Distance Education, Volume 1 (pp. 145-147). Athabasca, Canada: Athabasca University.

Gunawardena, C. N., Boverie, P., Lowe, C.A., Murrell, Wm. G., & Zittle, R. H. (1997). New perspectives on interaction in satellite-based programming for primary grades. Proceedings of the 18th ICDE World Conference on Distance Education. State College, PA: The Pennsylvania State University.

Gunawardena, C. N., Lowe, C., & Anderson, T. (1995). The design, implementation and evaluation of a worldwide online debate. Proceedings of the International Conference on Technology and Distance Education (pp.195-206). San Jose, Costa Rica: UNED Press.

Dillon, C., & Gunawardena, C. N. (1995). A framework for the evaluation of telecommunications-based distance education. In D. Sewart (Ed.), One World Many Voices: Quality in Open and Distance Learning  (pp. 348-351). Birmingham, UK: Open University.

Murphy, K., Boyce, M., Cochenour, J., Dean, T., Dillon, C., Gibson, C., Gunawardena, C., & Rezabek, L. (1995). Computer-mediated communications in a collaborative learning environment: The GLOBALED project. In D. Sewart (Ed.), One World Many Voices: Quality in Open and Distance Learning  (pp. 407-410). Birmingham, UK: Open University.

Gunawardena, C. N. & Boverie, P. (1995). Analysis of learner characteristics and group functioning in technology-mediated distance learning. Proceedings of the Sixth Cambridge International Conference on Open and Distance Learning (pp. 65-78). Cambridge, U.K.: Open University East Anglia.

Rezabek, L. L., Boyce, M., Cochenour, J., Dean, T., Dillon, C., Campbell Gibson, C., Gunawardena, C. N., Hessmiller, R., Murphy, K., Saba, F., & Weibel, K.,  (1994). CMC as learner-centered instruction: Lessons from GLOBALED ‘ 93 (pp. 169-179). ''Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Conference on Distance Teaching and Learning. '' Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Gunawardena, C. N. (1994). Social presence theory and implications for interaction and communication in telecommunications-based distance education. Proceedings of the  Distance Learning Research Conference(pp. 119-127). San Antonio, TX: Texas A&M University, Dept. of Educational Human Resource Development.

Gunawardena, C. N., Campbell Gibson, C., Cochenour, J. J., Dean, T., Dillon, C. L., Hessmiller, R., Murphy, K., Rezabek, L. L., Saba, F. (1994). Multiple perspectives on implementing inter-university computer conferencing. Proceedings of the Distance Learning Research Conference (pp. 101-117).  San Antonio, TX: Texas A&M University, Dept. of Educational Human Resource Development.

Gunawardena, C. N., & Heeren, E. (1993). Design and analysis of global cooperative learning through computer conferencing. Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Conference on Distance Teaching and Learning (pp. 69-73)''. '' Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Gunawardena, C. N., Rezabek, L., Cochenour, J., & Dillon, C. (1993). Inter-university collaborative learning using CMC: The Globaled experience. Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Conference on Distance Teaching and Learning  (pp. 74-78). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Gunawardena, C. N. (1993). Interactive instructional techniques and cognitive strategies for teaching on television. Proceedings of the Distance Education Conference (pp. 24-29). Portland, OR: Oregon State University, Continuing Higher Education.

Gunawardena, C.N., Boverie, P.E., Dillon, C. L., Campbell-Gibson, C. (1993). Social factors impacting distance education. Proceedings of the Distance Education Conference (pp. 77-83). Portland, OR: Oregon State University, Continuing Higher Education.

Gunawardena, C. N., & Boverie, P. E.,  (1992). Interaction of learning style and media, method of instruction, and group functioning in distance learning. Proceedings of  the Eighth Annual Conference on Distance Teaching and Learning  (pp. 65-69). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Gunawardena, C. N., Gittinger Jr., J. D., Dvorak, L. P. (1991). The design, implementation and evaluation of a computer-mediated communication support system for medical students.  Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Conference on Distance Teaching and Learning (pp. 98-102). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Rohfeld, R., Eastmond, D. V., Gunawardena, C. N., & Davidson, W. (1991). Facilitating effective computer discussion for collaborative learning at a distance. Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Conference on Distance Teaching and Learning(pp. 155-159). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Gunawardena, C. N., & Saito, M. (1989). Instructional design considerations in the development of computer-assisted interactive video. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Conference on Teaching at a Distance (pp. 173-177). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Dillon, C., Gunawardena, C. N., & Parker, R. (1989). An evaluation of learner support services in a distance education system. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Conference on Teaching at a Distance (pp. 92-96). Madison, WI:  University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Gunawardena, C. N. (1989). Delivering postsecondary distance education via communications technologies: Obstacles and hindrances. Proceedings of the 8th Annual Conference of the Canadian Association For The Study Of Adult Education (CASAE) (pp. 145-149).  Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.

Gunawardena, C. N. (1989). Current approaches to using communications technologies for delivering adult continuing/professional education. Proceedings of the 1989 Adult Education Research Conference  (pp. 171-176). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Gunawardena, C. N., & Watkins, B. (1988). Techniques for improving media-based learning. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Conference on Teaching at a Distance  (pp.44-49). Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Evaluation and Technical Reports
Gunawardena, C. N., & Sanchez, D. (October, 2018). Southwest Tribal Native American Research Centers for Health (NARCH) VII Summative Evaluation Report Years 4 and 5 2017-2018. (Evaluation of a National Institute of Health (NIH), and Indian Health Service (IHS) funded Project). Submitted to NARCH VII, and the Albuquerque Area Indian Health Board (AAIHB), 5015 Prospect Avenue NE, Albuquerque, NM.

Gunawardena, C. N., & Sanchez, D. (November, 2016). Southwest Tribal Native American Research Centers for Health (NARCH) VII Formative Evaluation Report for Year 3. (Evaluation of a National Institute of Health (NIH), and Indian Health Service (IHS) funded Project). Submitted to NARCH VII, and the Albuquerque Area Indian Health Board (AAIHB), 5015 Prospect Avenue NE, Albuquerque, NM

Gunawardena, C. N., & Sanchez, D. (December, 2015). Southwest Tribal Native American Research Centers for Health (NARCH) VII Formative Evaluation Report for Year 2. (Evaluation of a National Institute of Health (NIH), and Indian Health Service (IHS) funded Project). Submitted to NARCH VII, and the Albuquerque Area Indian Health Board (AAIHB), 5015 Prospect Avenue NE, Albuquerque, NM 87110.

Gunawardena, C. N., & Sanchez, D. (December, 2014). Southwest Tribal Native American Research Centers for Health (NARCH) VII Formative Evaluation Report for Year 1. (Evaluation of the National Institute of Health (NIH) and the Indian Health Service (IHS) funded Project.) Submitted to NARCH VII, and the Albuquerque Area Indian Health Board (AAIHB), 5015 Prospect Avenue NE, Albuquerque, NM 87110.

Gunawardena, C. N., & Kekatpure, K. (November, 2013). Southwest Tribal Native American Research Centers for Health (NARCH) V Summative Evaluation Report for Year 4. (Evaluation of a National Institute of Health (NIH) funded Project). Submitted to NARCH V, and the Albuquerque Area Indian Health Board (AAIHB), 5015 Prospect Avenue NE, Albuquerque, NM 87110.

Gunawardena, C. N., & Kekatpure, K. (October, 2012). Southwest Tribal Native American Research Centers for Health (NARCH) V Process Evaluation Report for Year 3. (Evaluation of a National Institute of Health (NIH) funded Project). Submitted to NARCH V, and the Albuquerque Area Indian Health Board (AAIHB), 5015 Prospect Avenue NE, Albuquerque, NM 87110.

Gunawardena, LaPointe, & VanBerschot, (2006). Research Report of Multimethod Inferential and Naturalistic Research of College of Engineering’s Quest to Create a Learning Organization within FSM. An evaluation report of the FSM distance education system submitted to Intel Corporation, Rio Rancho, New Mexico.

Gunawardena, C. N., Boverie, P., Ahonen, P., Wilson, P. L., Ortegano-Layne,  L., & Barrett, K. (2005, July). Evaluation of the Oklahoma State University HbL4u Project Year 5 Report  [Study funded by the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, grant# R203f000039]. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico, Organizational Learning and Instructional Technologies, College of Education.

Gunawardena, C. N., Boverie, P., Ahonen, P., Wilson, P. L., Ortegano-Layne, L., & Barrett, K. (August, 2004). Evaluation of the Oklahoma State University HbL4u Project Year 4 Report [Study funded by the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, grant# R203f000039]. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico, Organizational Learning and Instructional Technologies, College of Education.

Gunawardena, C. N., Boverie, P., Good, J., Ahonen, P. S., Wilson, P. L., Lowe, C. A., Ortegano-Layne, L., Lindemann, K. B., Mummert, J., Werapitiya, D. & Li, L. (September, 2003). The University of New Mexico Third Year Evaluation Report Of the Oklahoma State University HBL4U Project [Study funded by the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, grant# R203f000039]. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico, Organizational Learning and Instructional Technologies, College of Education.

Gunawardena, C. N., Boverie, P., Wilson, P. L., Lowe, C. A., Ortegano-Layne, L., Lindemann, K., Mummert, J., Werapitiya, D., & Li, L. (September, 2002). Second Year Evaluation Report of the Oklahoma State Univeristy Star Schools Polaris Project[Study funded by the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, grant# R203f000039]. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico, Organizational Learning and Instructional Technologies, College of Education.

Gunawardena, C. N., Boverie, P., Wilson, P. L., Lowe, C. A., Ortegano-Layne, L., Lindemann, K., Mummert, J., & Rodriguez, F. (September, 2001). First Year Evaluation Report of the Star Schools Web-based Math and Science Teacher Education Program Developed by Oklahoma State University. [Study funded by the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, grant# R203f000039]. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico, Organizational Learning and Instructional Technologies, College of Education.

Gunawardena, C. N. & Lowe, C. ( February, 1997). Evaluation of The Waste-Management Education & Research Consortium’s (WERC) Instructional Television Program. [Grant funded by WERC and Department of Energy.] Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico, Organizational Learning and Instructional Technologies, College of Education.

Gunawardena, C. N., Murrell, Wm., G., Lowe, C.A., Zittle, R. H. (December, 1996). Second Year Evaluation Report of the “Star Schools: The Next Generation” program delivered by Oklahoma State University and Northern Arizona University. [Study funded by the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, grant # R203A40026]. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico, Organizational Learning and Instructional Technologies, College of Education.

Gunawardena, C. N., Murrell, Wm., G., Lowe, C.A., Zittle, R. H. (December, 1995).''First Year Evaluation Report. of the “Star Schools: The Next Generation” Program delivered by Oklahoma State University and Northern Arizona University'' [Study funded by the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, grant # R203A40026]. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico, Organizational Learning and Instructional Technologies, College of Education.

Gunawardena, C. N. & Boverie, P. E. (1993). Impact of learning styles on instructional design for distance education.  Paper presented at the International Council of Distance Education 16th World Conference, November 8-13, 1992, Bangkok.Thailand. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 359 926).

Gunawardena, C. N. (1991). Using communications technologies for distance education: Report on current practices in the United States. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 327 147).

Bassett, D. S., Dominguez, J., Howell, R. & Gunawardena, C. (1991). Long-range planning for delivery of special education course work utilizing distance education delivery technologies. Prepared for the New Mexico Department of Education, Special Education Unit, Contract No. 79-043. Albuquerque, NM: Division of Continuing Education: The University of New Mexico.

Dillon, C. L. & Gunawardena, C. N. (January, 1990). Learner support as the critical link in distance education: A study of one distance education learner support system. Technical Report #90-1 Prepared for The Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education. Published by the Oklahoma Research Center for Continuing Professional and Higher Education.

Gunawardena, C. N. (1987). Evaluation report: Independent study telecourse PSYC 390: Brain, Mind, and Behavior. In Independent study research project final report, 1986 – 1987 (Report). Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas, Division of Continuing Education.

Gunawardena, C. N.,  &  Roguski, C. (Eds.). (1983). Contrastive analysis project: Arabic, Indonesian, Japanese, Mandarin Chinese, Spanish. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas, Applied English Center.

Wickramasuriya C.,  &  Gunawardena, C. N. (1980). The use of English in employment. In Report on the study of unemployment among women arts graduates  (pp. 113 -133). Sri Lanka: Sri Lanka Federation of University Women. (A project assisted by the Overseas Education Fund of the League of Women Voters in America.)

Selected Magazine Articles
Gunawardena, C. (19 March, 2014). Moocs: Students in the global south are wary of a ‘sage on the stage.’ The Guardian Newspaper in U.K. Series: Extreme Learning. http://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/mar/19/cost-barrier-students-global-south

Gunawardena, C. N. (2007). Researching cross-cultural online communication and digital interfaces (Part of article on Researching the World: The College of Education’s Impact on International Research and Education). In Educating New Mexico. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico, College of Education.

Gunawardena, C. N. (1978, December 23). Metaphysical implications of A Passage to India. Observer Saturday Magazine, Sri Lanka.

Gunawardena, C. N. (1978, December 2). Forster’s treatment of race relations in A Passage to India.  Observer Saturday Magazine, Sri Lanka.

Gunawardena, C. N. (1978, August 19). John Donne and metaphysical poetry. Observer Saturday Magazine, Sri Lanka.

Gunawardena, C. N. (1978, June 15). Shakespeare’s Othello: A comment on the moral experience. Observer Saturday Magazine, Sri Lanka.