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MUSIC
 * Rondo and its French part-equivalent rondeau are words that have been used in music in a number of ways, most often in reference to amusical form, but also to a character-type that is distinct from the form.

In rondo form, a principal theme (sometimes called the "refrain") alternates with one or more contrasting themes, generally called "episodes," but also occasionally referred to as "digressions" or "couplets." Possible patterns in the Classical period include: ABA, ABACA, or ABACADA. The number of themes can vary from piece to piece, and the recurring element is sometimes embellished and/or shortened in order to provide for variation.

The Baroque predecessor to the rondo was the ritornello. Ritornello form was used in the fast movements of baroque concertos. The entire orchestra (in Italian, tutti) plays the main ritornello theme, while soloists play the intervening episodes. While Rondo form is similar to ritornello form, it is different in that ritornello brings back the subject or main theme in fragments and in different keys, but the rondo brings back its theme complete and in the same key.

A common expansion of rondo form is to combine it with sonata form, to create the sonata rondo form. Here, the second theme acts in a similar way to the second theme group in sonata form by appearing first in a key other than the tonic and later being repeated in the tonic key. Unlike sonata form, thematic development does not need to occur except possibly in the coda.


 * Coda (Italian for "tail", plural code) is a term used in music in a number of different senses, primarily to designate a passagethat brings a piece (or a movement) to an end. Technically, it is an expanded cadence. It may be as simple as a fewmeasures, or as complex as an entire section.[2]

Contents

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1 Coda as a section of a movement 1.1 Musical purpose

2 In music notation 3 Cauda 4 Codetta 5 Codas in popular music 6 See also 7 References

[edit]1 Coda as a section of a movement

Many classical era, especially Mozart pieces, have Code, such as "C Major Sonata" on the last movement and "Rondo Alla Turca (Turkish March)" A Major Last movement of Sonata 11. In "Rondo Alla Turca", it is generally a syncopated section with lots of A Major Chords. Coda literally translates from Italian as "tail" and it is the tail (end section) of the piece.

Sonata form as a dramatic pyramid. For example, the coda may follow the recapitulation (and thus come after the pyramid), or may be the last part of the recapitulation (and thus would be like the point of the arrow).

The presence of a coda as a structural element in a music movement is especially clear in works written in particular musical forms. In a sonata form movement, therecapitulation section will, in general, follow the exposition in its thematic content, while adhering to the home key. The recapitulation often ends with a passage that sounds like a termination, paralleling the music that ended the exposition; thus, any music coming after this termination will be perceived as extra material, i.e., as a coda. In works invariation form, the coda occurs following the last variation and will be very noticeable as the first music not based on the theme.

Codas were commonly used in both sonata form and variation movements during theClassical era. One of the ways that Beethoven extended and intensified Classical practice was to expand the coda sections, producing a final section sometimes of equal musical weight to the foregoing exposition, development, and recapitulation sections and completing the musical argument. For one famous example, see Symphony No. 8 (Beethoven).[3]

[edit]1.1 Musical purpose

Charles Burkhart suggests that the reason codas are common, even necessary, is that, in the climax of the main body of a piece, a "particularly effortful passage", often an expanded phrase, is often created by "working an idea through to its structural conclusions" and that, after all this momentum is created, a coda is required to "look back" on the main body, allow listeners to "take it all in", and "create a sense of balance."[4]