User:Shylaniemann/sandbox

Drug Delivery
Major concerns regarding recently developed chemical entities include pharmacokinetic issues as well as poor solubility in water and low bioavailability. These leads to obstacles when using conventional drug dosage forms. Nanosponges can conquer these problems as their porous structure allows them the unique capability to entrap both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs and release them in a highly predictable manor. These small sponges travel throughout the body until they reach the targeted site where they bind to the surface and perform controlled drug release. Nanosponge technology is widely explored for its use in drug delivery using oral, parenteral, and topical administration techniques.This may include substances such as antineoplastic agents, proteins and peptides, volatile oils, and genetic materials. These small sponges travel throughout the body until they reach the targeted site where they bind to the surface and perform controlled drug release (R11). Potential applications in target site-specific drug delivery include the lungs, spleen, and liver.

Safety
Due to the surface functionalization, nanosponges show broad applications in water purification, protein delivery, chemical sensors, detection of explosives, agriculture, etc

The electromagnetic properties of nanoparticles are modified through analyte binding and may be used as a transducer in a chemical sensing system for explosives (R12). One electromagnetic property is surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band of colloidal gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). In AuNPs the free electrons within the metal surface interact with light which results in large oscillations in the surface electromagnetic field. This promotes SPR bands since the particles strongly absorb light at the distinct frequencies of the electrons.

This property may be exploited for use in the detection of explosives by Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS). SERS uses incident light to excite Raman active vibrational modes which scatters the protons and identifies a molecule. When the protons are scattered a unique spectrum can be seen which provides information on connectivity and molecular shape. Comparing this spectrum to a portfolio of known spectra may be used to identify a threat.

Outline
Nanosponges for Drug Delivery

Current issues include drugs being poorly soluble in water which causes


 * Formulating troubles in conventional dosage forms


 * Low bio-availability

Nanosponges may aid to overcome these issues while precisely controlling the release rate during drug delivery

Method


 * Tiny mesh-like structures – less than 1 μm
 * Pourous structure


 * Easily bind to drugs that are poorly-soluble


 * Leads to improved bioavailability and solubility of such drugs
 * Both hydrophobic and hydropholic drugs can be loaded into nanosponges with ease

Results


 * Nanosponges circulate until reaching definite target site


 * Attach to surface


 * Initiate discharge of drugs in a controlled and predictable way


 * Can be developed to be parenteral, topical, oral, or inhalational

Summary of References
Summary Reference 9

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31161998


 * Biggest challenge in the development of therapeutics and actives is their poor aqueous solubility and bioavailability
 * Low aqueous solubility
 * Poor pharmacokinetic properties
 * Poor Bioavailability associated with novel actives
 * Results in many challenges in the formulation of tablets, capsules, suspensions, emulsions, and other conventional dosage forms.
 * Nanosponges have the ability to encapsulate or entrap both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs
 * Advantages that make nanosponges a promising anti-tumor drug delivery system
 * Target-specific drug delivery
 * Controlled drug release


 * Colloidal structures comprised of:
 * Solid nanoparticles
 * Cavities
 * Mesh-like structures
 * Designed this way to encapsulate a large portfolio of substances like:
 * Antineoplastic agents
 * Proteins and peptides
 * Volatile oils
 * Genetic Material
 * Methods of preparation of β-cyclodextrin-based nanosponges include:
 * Solvent evaporation
 * Emulsion solvent evaporation
 * Ultrasound-assisted synthesis
 * Humper cross-linked cyclodextrin
 * Interfacial phenomenon
 * Many nanosponges-based formulations are available in the market and some formulations of prostavasin, brexin, glymesason, mena-gargle, etc. are under clinical trials.
 * Potential applications in target site-specific drug delivery to:
 * Liver
 * Spleen
 * Lungs
 * Due to the surface functionalization, nanosponges show broad applications in water purification, protein delivery, chemical sensors, detection of explosives, agriculture, etc.

Summary Reference 10

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30251614


 * Pharmacokinetic issues and poor solubility in water are of utmost concern of numerous recently developed chemical entities
 * Drugs are poorly soluble in water that results in formulating troubles in conventional dosage forms
 * Low bioavailability problem linked to this
 * A nanosponge is an emerging technology which can overcome these problems and precisely control the release rates of controlled drug delivery
 * Nanosponges are tiny mesh-like structures with a size less than 1μm.
 * Their porous structure and small size allows them to easily bind to drugs which are poorly-soluble
 * leads to better bioavailability and solubility of such drugs
 * Hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs can be loaded into nanosponges with ease
 * Nanosponges circulate until they reach the definite target site then attach themselves to the surface and initiate the discharge of drugs in a predictable and controlled way