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Divestment (or disinvestment) from Fossil Fuels was first heavily advocated in 2012, in protest of global warming, and started being implemented by many US universities the same year.

United Nations campaign
Campaigns to divest from fossil fuels have been influenced by many other campaigns, including Disinvestment from South Africa and the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (Goal number 7 in particular).

University campuses
Fossil fuel divestment campaigns exists on over 100 university campuses. Justin Gillis wrote in the December 4th edition of The New York Times: "Students who have signed on see it as a conscious imitation of the successful effort in the 1980s to pressure colleges and other institutions to divest themselves of the stocks of companies doing business in South Africa under apartheid. A small institution in Maine, Unity College, has already voted to get out of fossil fuels. Another, Hampshire College in Massachusetts, has adopted a broad investment policy that is ridding its portfolio of fossil fuel stocks. ... But at colleges with large endowments, many administrators are viewing the demand skeptically, saying it would undermine their goal of maximum returns in support of education. Fossil fuel companies represent a significant portion of the stock market, comprising nearly 10 percent of the value of the Russell 3000, a broad index of 3,000 American companies. No school with an endowment exceeding $1 billion has agreed to divest itself of fossil fuel stocks. At Harvard, which holds the largest endowment in the country at $31 billion, the student body recently voted to ask the school to do so. With roughly half the undergraduates voting, 72 percent of them supported the demand." But Harvard University has not yet made any commitment to divest from fossil fuels.

States and cities
In addition to campuses, climate activists find concerned and sympathetic legislators in cities and states. One example is California which although not in a direct divestment campaign, did incline away from fossil fuels by applying to the US Environmental Protection Agency for California to enforce stricter air pollution standards and although initially denied by the Bush administration, was later granted by the Obama administration: From the US EPA website, "The Clean Air Act gives California special authority to enact stricter air pollution standards for motor vehicles than the federal government’s. EPA must approve a waiver, however, before California’s rules may go into effect." and "On June 30, 2009, EPA granted a waiver (PDF) (42 pp, 280K, July 2009) of Clean Air Act preemption to California for its greenhouse gas emission standards for motor vehicles beginning with the 2009 model year".

Federal involvement
Myriad efforts to reduce global warming have been made by cities and states (see above), including California, but so far there has been little effort by the federal government to divest from fossil fuels.

Economic effects
Alli Welton wrote on November 20, 2012 in The Nation, "Given that only 565 more gigatons of carbon can be burnt if the planet hopes to stay under 2 degrees Celsius warming (the upper limit set by the UN), 80 percent of the top 200 publicly-traded fossil fuel companies’ apparent reserves—worth $20 trillion—are untouchable. This creates a huge carbon bubble in the market."

Also, Nina Chestney wrote on September 26th, 2012 in Reuters, "100 million to die by 2030 if world fails to act on climate" and "More than 100 million people will die and global economic growth will be cut by 3.2 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) by 2030 if the world fails to tackle climate change, a report commissioned by 20 governments said".

Outside criticism
Many criticize disinvestment because of its economic impact.

Many conservatives oppose the divestment campaigns.

Further reading and External links

 * 350.org
 * trillionthtonne.org
 * populationinstitute.org
 * United Nations Millennium Development Goals see goal number 7.
 * David Ferris Is It Time To Divest From Exxon? Forbes, November 19th, 2012
 * Bill McKibben Global Warmings Terrifying New Math Rolling Stone, July 19th, 2012
 * Robin Young and Wen Stephenson Has the media failed covering climate change? Here & Now, November 15th, 2012
 * Martin Smith etc. 2008 Frontline documentary 'Heat' Frontline, October 21st, 2008
 * John Hockenberry etc. 2012 Frontline documentary 'Climate of Doubt' Frontline, October 23rd, 2012
 * Barbara Moran The man who crushed the Keystone XL pipeline The Boston Globe, January 22nd, 2012
 * Wen Stephenson A Convenient Excuse The Phoenix, November 5th, 2012