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Water security in the Hindu Kush
The Himalayan region, often called the "Water tower of Asia" or the “Third pole of the earth”. This melting disrupts water supply, impacting agriculture and causing land degradation. The dependence on glaciers is significant, particularly in the Indus basin (44.7%), followed by Brahmaputra basin (15%) and Ganga basin (13.4%). The Indus river supports 96% of crop production in Pakistan and 26% in India, with the Ganga sustaining about 37% of India's agriculture. In drought years, glacier melt becomes crucial, compensating for reduced monsoon precipitation. Glacier retreat rates in the Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra basins are alarming, contributing to mass loss and an 18–29% excess in annual glacier melt runoff. Projections indicate a worrisome future, with an estimated 60–70% loss of glacier mass by 2100, raising the risk of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs). If all Himalayan glaciers disappear, it could lead to a 33% reduction in annual mean flow in the western Himalayan catchment and up to 18% in the eastern Himalayan catchment, significantly impacting water security.

Communities are responding to these challenges with innovative approaches. The Ice Stupa initiative, started in Ladakh, conserves unseasonal snow melt in winter, providing a sustainable water source. Additionally, siphoning methods are being employed to reduce the risk of GLOFs. International cooperation is critical for addressing these issues. The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) focuses on reducing climate and environmental risks, shaping green economies, and enabling regional and global mechanisms for sustainable action. The strategic goals include adapting livelihoods, building institutions for cooperation, strengthening global leadership in sustainable mountain development, and managing cryosphere and water risks. In conclusion, the Himalayan region's glaciers, vital for water supply, are under threat, posing risks to agriculture and land. Community-driven initiatives and international collaboration are essential to mitigate these challenges and ensure the sustainable development of the region.