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Dr. Susan La Flesche Picotte (June 17, 1865 – September 18, 1915) was the first American Indian woman to become a physician and to receive federal aid for her professional education in the United States. She was Omaha and of Ponca, Iowa, French and Anglo-American descent. She grew up with her father Chief Joseph La Flesche (Iron Eyes) and her mother Mary (One Woman) on the Omaha Reservation in Nebraska. She gained her inspiration to pursue medicine after, while still a child, she witnessed a white doctor refuse treatment to an Indian women, leading to her death.

Susan La Flesche Picotte was homeschooled for a few years before she went to the Elizabeth Institute for Young Ladies in New Jersey. With the help and encouragement of ethnologist Alice Fletcher, she later went to college at the Hampton Institute and pursued her medical career at the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania (WMCP) in Philadelphia. She graduated in 1889, earning her degree a year early and at the top of her class.

La Flesche Picotte returned to Nebraska and provided health care to her Omaha people for much of her career. After her marriage to Henry Picotte in 1884, she established her private practice, where she also treated European-American patients. La Flesche Picotte and her husband had two sons. In 1906, she led a delegation in Washington, D.C., to lobby for alcohol prohibition in the Omaha Reservation. In 1913 she founded a hospital on the Omaha Reservation at Walthill, Nebraska, the first on any reservation to be privately funded. After LaFlesche Picotte died two years later, the hospital was renamed in her honor. Later it was designated as a National Historic Landmark. Today it serves as a museum featuring her work and the history of the Omaha and Winnebago tribes, and also has a center for the care of children.