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Chinese Jamaicans From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search Chinese Jamaicans Total population (30,000 [1]) Regions with significant populations Jamaica: Kingston Overseas: Toronto, New York City, South Florida, England Languages Jamaican English, Jamaican Patois, Hakka; recent immigrants and businesspeople also speak Mandarin Religion Christianity (primarily Catholicism and Anglicanism) with some elements of Chinese folk religion[2] Related ethnic groups Indian Jamaican, Hakka people, ethnic Chinese in Panama, Jamaican Americans, Jamaican Canadians Chinese Jamaicans are Jamaican people of Chinese ancestry, which include descendants of migrants from China to Jamaica. Early migrants came in the 19th century; there was another wave of migration in the 1980s and 1990s. Many of the descendants of early migrants have moved abroad, primarily to Canada and the United States.[3] Most Chinese Jamaicans are Hakka and can trace their origin to the coolies and labourers who came to Jamaica in the mid-19th to early 20th centuries.

Contents  [hide] 1 Migration history 2 Community organisations 3 Interethnic relations 4 Religion 5 Cultural syncretism 6 Notable people 6.1 Politics 6.2 Legal 6.3 Academic 6.4 Corporate 6.5 Sports 6.6 Musicians 6.7 Models, actors and beauty queens 6.8 Arts and literature 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links

Migration history[edit source] Most Chinese Jamaicans are Hakka and can trace their origin to the labourers who came to Jamaica in the mid-19th to early 20th centuries.[4] The British parliament made a study of prospects for Chinese migration to the West Indies in 1811, and in 1843 made an attempt to recruit Chinese workers to come to Jamaica, British Guiana, and Trinidad, but nothing came of it.[5] The two earliest ships of Chinese migrant workers to Jamaica arrived in 1854, the first directly from China, the second composed of onward migrants from Panama who were contracted for plantation work.[6] A further 200 would arrive in the years up until 1870, mostly from other Caribbean islands. Later, in 1884, a third wave of 680 Chinese migrants would arrive. With the exception of a few from Sze Yup, most of these migrants were Hakka people from Dongguan, Huiyang, and Bao'an. This third wave of migrants would go on to bring more of their relatives over from China.[4] From 1910, Chinese immigrants were required to pay a £30 deposit and pass a written test to demonstrate that they could write 50 words in three different languages. The restrictions on Chinese migrants were tightened even further in 1931, but relaxed again by 1947 due to lobbying by the Chinese consulate.[7] The 1943 census showed 12,394 Chinese residing in Jamaica. These were divided into three categories by the census, namely "China-born" (2,818), "local-born" (4,061), and "Chinese coloured" (5,515), the latter referring to multiracial people of mixed African and Chinese descent. This made Chinese Jamaicans the second largest Chinese population in the Caribbean, behind Chinese Cubans.[8][9] By 1963, the Chinese had a virtual monopoly on retail trade in Jamaica, controlling 90% of dry goods stores and 95% of supermarkets, along with extensive holdings in other sectors such as laundries and betting parlours.[10] In the 1970s, thousands of Chinese Jamaicans fled a wave of inter-ethnic violence against them; at first, they went primarily to Canada, which was more open to immigration than the United States, with the U.S. becoming a major immigration destination later on. As a result, clusters of Chinese Jamaicans can be found outside Jamaica primarily in cities like Toronto, New York City, and South Florida. However, in the 1980s and 1990s, there was a new wave of Chinese migration to Jamaica, consisting of Hong Kong and Taiwanese entrepreneurs who set up textile factories on the island targeting the U.S. market and often brought in migrant workers from China to staff their ventures.[3] Community organisations[edit source] In comparison to Overseas Chinese communities elsewhere, hometown associations related to migrants' places of origin in China were not very influential among migrants to Jamaica.[11] Some secret societies such as the Hongmenhui were active in organising plantation workers in the 1880s; however, the first formal Chinese organisation in Jamaica was a branch of the Freemasons.[12] Later, the Chinese Benevolent Association (中華會館) was founded in 1891.[13] The CBA continues to operate from a two-story building with guardian lion statues in the front; the ground floor is occupied by the Jamaican-Chinese Historical Museum. The building has been featured on a Jamaican postage stamp.[3] The first Chinese-language newspaper in Jamaica, the Zhonghua Shang Bao (中華商報), was founded in 1930 by Zheng Yongkang; five years later, it was taken over by the Chinese Benevolent Association, who renamed it Huaqiao Gongbao (華僑公報). It continued publication until 1956, and was revived in 1975.[14] The Chinese Freemasons also published their own handwritten weekly newspaper, the Minzhi Zhoukan (民治周刊) until 1956. The Pagoda, started in 1940, was the first English-language newspaper for the Chinese community. The local branch of the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party) also began publishing their own paper, The Chung San News (中山報) in 1953.[12] Prior to Jamaican independence, there was an annual Miss Chinese Jamaica pageant, initially organised as a fundraiser for the CBA.[15] It came to be supported by The Pagoda, which wrote editorials exhorting girls from the Chinese community to join, and in some years offered sponsorship prizes such as, in 1955, a two-week trip to Miami for the winner, in an effort to spark participation in what was sometimes a sparsely attended event.[16] However, as the pageant grew in popularity, it drew charges from Afro-Jamaican journalists that the ethnic pride on display there was "unpatriotic" and "un-Jamaican". The pageant renamed itself to the Miss Chinese Athletic Club, in an effort to avoid controversy, but nevertheless, held its final "openly racialised beauty contest" in 1962.[17] Over the following years, Chinese Jamaican women did not participate in the Miss Jamaica pageant for fear of racial controversy. However, this informal colour line was broken in 1973, when Patsy Yuen entered and earned the Miss Jamaica title in 1973, going on to place third in the Miss World competition in London; however, Yuen publicly portrayed herself as a completely assimilated Jamaican with little connection to her Chinese heritage, claiming in media statements that she didn't even like Chinese food, in order to avoid "disrupt[ing] the official picture of the country's identity".[18] There was also a Chinese Jamaican community school, the Chinese Public School. It was set up first by the Chinese Freemasons in 1920 (under the Chinese name 華僑公立學校), and operated until 1922; a Chinese drama club revived the school in 1924 (and gave it a new Chinese name 新民學校, literally "New People's School"), charging tuition fees of £6. The drama club continued to operate the school until 1928, when the CBA purchased it for £2,300 and gave it its present name, and moved it into a larger building.[19] The CBA promulgated a new constitution for the school in 1944, which stated that it would follow the curriculum of the Republic of China's Ministry of Education, and that Chinese was the primary medium of instruction while "foreign languages" were secondary. In 1945, with enrollments booming to 300 students and competitor schools being established as well, the Republic of China consulate called for donations to renovate the school, eventually raising £10,000. In the 1950s, there was heated debate in the community over the medium of instruction, with some suggesting curriculum localisation in the name of practicality, while others saw abandonment of Chinese-medium instruction as tantamount to abandonment of Chinese identity.[20] Practical considerations won out; the curriculum was reorganised with English as the primary instructional medium in 1952, and by 1955, the school only had two teachers who could speak any Chinese.[21] After that, the school's fortunes fluctuated, and it was finally closed down in the mid-1960s.[22][23] Interethnic relations[edit source] The Chinese establishment of grocery shops throughout Jamaica had provoked concern amongst whites and Jamaicans as early as 1911. It was widely believed that the Chinese were guilty of arson against their own property for insurance purposes, whereas previously they were only accused of sharp business practices..[24] Along with other entrepreneurial ethnic groups—Lebanese, Syrians, and Cubans—Chinese entrepreneurs were ready targets for the frustrations of the Jamaican poor.[25] According to a newspaper report (31 March 1934) on "pernicious drugs" in Jamaica, the issue concerning opium became one of the early roots of xenophobic attitudes against the new Chinese immigrants of the early 1900s. The white elites became intolerable of this new wave of Chinese migrants coming in large numbers as shopkeepers. The newspaper editorial (10 June 1913) made the distinction between the earlier Chinese migrants and their present "poverty stricken, ignorant fellow countrymen", who were blamed for the 'opium scare' in Jamaica now that the "natives are succumbing to the vile and deadly habit". This first anti-Chinese thrust was rooted in the opium drug trade. The foundation was set for the first and a massive anti-Chinese riot in 1918. http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/columns/Conflicts-with-the-Chinese-revisited_16378403

The anti-Chinese riot of 1918 by Howard Johnson (1982), it argues that, when compared to other anti-Chinese events, the 1918 event was a massive expression of anti-Chinese sentiments in Jamaica. It began in Ewarton and spread like lightning to other parts of St Catherine to other parishes of St Mary, St Ann and Clarendon. The events were inspired by a story that a Chine shopkeeper in Ewarton caught a Jamaican off-duty policeman with his Jamaican "paramour". He and several of his Chineman friends brutally thrashed the Jamaican man. It was then rumoured that he was killed by the Chineman, and then all hell broke loose against the Chinese shopkeepers. During the late 1920s letters (22 September 1926) the colonial secretary L P Waison held meetings with the police, According to the letter, Waison accused the Government for its failure to employ the law against Chinese immigrants: "such as the open exploitation of shop assistants; the breaking of the spirit and gambling laws" (peaka-pow). Waison's threats were drastic. He advocated extreme violence against Chinese, "that their shops will be burnt down" Newspaper reports in January and March 1934 described this "pernicious" drug traffic by the Chinese and expressed concern that it was spreading among the lower class of that community who were becoming "chronic opium addicts". [26] Religion[edit source] See also: Religion in Jamaica Early Chinese migrants to Jamaica brought elements of Chinese folk religion with them, most exemplified by the altar to Guan Yu which they erected in the old CBA building and which remains standing there, even as the CBA moved its headquarters.[27] However, with the passage of long decades since their ancestors first migrated from China, traditional Chinese religious practises have largely died out among Chinese Jamaicans.[28] Some traditional practises persisted well into the 20th century, most evident at the Chinese Cemetery, where families would go to clean their ancestors' graves during the Qingming Festival in what was often organised as a communal activity by the CBA (referred to in English as Gah San, after the Hakka word 嫁山); however, with the emigration of much of the Chinese Jamaican community to the North American mainland, the public, communal aspect of this grave-cleaning died out, and indeed it was not carried out for more than a decade before attempts by the CBA to revive it in 2004.[29] Christianity has become the dominant religion among Chinese Jamaicans; they primarily adhere to the Catholic Church rather than the Protestantism of the majority establishment. Anglicans can also be found in the Chinese Jamaican community, but other denominations which are widespread in Jamaica such as Baptist (traditionally connected with the Afro-Jamaican community) are almost entirely absent among Chinese Jamaicans.[30] Conversion of Chinese Jamaicans to Christianity came about in several ways; some made conversions of convenience in order to obtain easy legal recognition for marriages and births, while Chinese men who entered into relationships with local women were often absorbed into church community through the selection of godparents for their children, and the attendance of children at Sunday schools. Furthermore, Catholic teachers taught English at the Chinese Public School up until its closure in the mid-1960s, which facilitated the entry of Chinese Jamaicans to well-known Catholic secondary schools.[23] There were a large number of conversions in the mid-1950s, evidence that the Chinese were "increasingly trying to adapt themselves to local society"; a former headmaster of the Chinese Public School, He Rujun, played a major role in attracting Chinese converts to Christianity in those years.[31] The newest wave of Chinese migrants from Hong Kong and mainland China are in many cases not Christians, but they have not brought with them any widely visible non-Christian religious practises. A few of them were already Protestants, and have formed their own churches, which conduct worship services in Chinese; due to language barriers, they have little connection to the more assimilated segments of the Chinese Jamaican community.[32] Cultural syncretism[edit source] Chinese Jamaicans have also affected the development of reggae. The trend of Chinese Jamaican involvement in reggae began in the 1960s with Vincent "Randy" Chin, his wife Patricia Chin, and their label VP Records, where artists such as Beenie Man and Sean Paul launched their careers; it remains common to see Chinese surnames in the liner notes of reggae music, attesting to the continuing influence.[33][34] Assimilation has taken place through generations and few Chinese Jamaicans can speak Chinese today; most of them speak English or Jamaican Patois as their first language. The vast majority have anglicized given names, and many have Chinese surnames. The Chinese food culture has survived to a large degree among this group of people.[citation needed] Common surnames among the Chinese population in Jamaica include Chen, Chin, Chong, Chung, Kong, Lee, Lyn, Wong, Yapp, and Young. Notable people[edit source]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This is a list of notable Chinese in Jamaica and their descendants Politics[edit source] Rose Leon: First Chinese and first female Cabinet Minister, 1953-1960, 1972-1976; First Chinese Member, House of Representatives, 1949; First female Chairperson of a political party - Jamaica Labour Party, 1948[7] Ferdinand Yap-Sam: Former Cabinet Minister; Member, House of Representatives, 1980-1989[7] Horace Chang: Cabinet Minister, 2007-2011 Delroy Chuck: Cabinet Minister, 2011-2012; First Chinese Speaker, House of Representatives, 2007-2011[7] Rupert Bancroft Chin See (1906-1983): Former Senator Maurice Tenn: Former Senator[35] Colleen Yap-Sam: First and only Chinese Mayor, Kingston, capital of Jamaica, 1982-1984 Legal[edit source] Lily Tai Ten Quee: First female barrister in Jamaica Academic[edit source] Anthony Chen: Nobel Peace Prize Laureate, 2007[36] Corporate[edit source] Michael Lee-Chin: Business magnate; Lee-Chin was ranked 365th in the world on Forbes Billionaires List, 2006; Both of his grandfathers were Hakka Chinese and grandmothers Afro-Caribbean Jamaicans, his surname Lee-Chin is a combination of both his grandfathers' surnames Edward A. Lai: Prominent Businessman, Entrepreneur, One of the largest Housing Developers in Jamaica. Mr. Lai redeveloped New Kingston from a Horse Track to a major business hub and purchased the Caymanas Park Race Track. Lai Corporation built and developed the Citibank Building and Garage in New Kingston and owned the Courtleigh Manor Hotel, Flamingo Hotel in New Kingston. G. Raymond Chang: Canadian philanthropist; Chancellor, Ryerson University, Toronto, 2006-2012 Vincent and Patricia Chin: Founders, VP Records Clive Chin: Record producer; Pioneer in the establishment of dub as a standalone musical form Thalia G. Lyn: Founder and CEO of Island Grill, Jamaica's largest native restaurant chain. Sister of G. Raymond Chang Sports[edit source] Kyle Anderson: American San Antonio Spurs basketball player;[37] Anderson's maternal great grandfather is Chinese from Guangdong Province and great grandmother is from St. Ann, Jamaica. Chris Beckford-Tseu: Ice hockey goalie Cornel Chin-Sue: Football player Mark Chung: First Chinese-American footballer to represent United States, 1988-1992 Patrick Chung: American football player for the New England Patriots; Chung's father is mixed Chinese-Jamaican and Afro-Jamaican and his mother is Afro-Jamaican[38][39] Winston Chung Fah: Former national football player and former national team coach [40] Musicians[edit source] Jully Black: R&B singer; Black's father is of Chinese descent Tessanne Chin: Recording artist, best known for winning Season 5 of NBC's reality TV singing competition, The Voice; Chin's father is of Hakka and Cherokee descent Tami Chynn: Older sister of Tessanne Chin; Singer, songwriter and dancer; Chynn's father is of Hakka and Cherokee descent Herman Chin Loy: Record producer Phil Chen: Session bassist who is best known for his work with Ray Manzarek and Robby Krieger of The Doors Gerald Eaton: Canadian musician and lead singer of The Philosopher Kings, also performs as Jarvis Church. Joseph Hoo Kim: Reggae/dancehall producer Leslie Kong: Reggae producer Byron Lee: Musician (known for the song "Jump Up" in the first James Bond film Dr. No); Leader of the Byron Lee and the Dragonaires band, which played a crucial pioneering role in bringing Caribbean music to the world Leo Lee: Raggae producer[41] Omar Lye-Fook: Soul singer; Lye-Fook's father is Chinese-Jamaican and mother is Indo-Jamaican Sean Paul: Popular reggae/dancehall musician; Paul's mother is of English and Chinese-Jamaican descent Supa Dups (Dwayne Chin-Quee): Music Producer/DJ; Dups' father is Chinese-Jamaican and mother is of Chinese, German, and African descent Models, actors and beauty queens[edit source] Tyson Beckford: Model and actor; Beckford's mother is of Chinese and Afro-Jamaican descent and father is of Afro-Panamanian descent Naomi Campbell: British model and actress; Campbell is of African-Jamaican descent, as well as of Chinese Jamaican ancestry through her paternal grandmother[42] Lonny Chin: Playboy model; Chin's father is Chinese Jamaican Sheila Mechtilde Chong (1935-1978): Winner, Miss Jamaica World, 1959; Chong is half Chinese and half Afro-Caribbean Saskia Garel: Actress and former member of Love & Sas Mona Hammond (born Mavis Chin): British actress; Hammond's father is a Chinese from Guangdong and mother is a black Jamaican Kristin Kreuk: Canadian actress; Kreuk's ethnic Chinese maternal grandmother was born in Jamaica[43] Robinne Lee: Actress; Lee is of Jamaican, Chinese, English, Scottish and Arawak Indian ancestry Nicole Lyn: Actress; Lyn's father is Jamaican of Chinese and European descent and her mother Jamaican of African descent Karin Taylor: Former Playboy model Patsy Yuen: Winner, Miss Jamaica World, 1973; second runner-up, Miss World, 1973 Arts and literature[edit source] Staceyann Chin: Spoken word poet; Chin is of Chinese-Jamaican and Afro-Jamaican descent Walter Chin: Fashion photographer Albert Chong: Photographic and installation artist; Chong is of African and Chinese descent Fashion Winston Kong: Eveningwear designer who lived and worked in Toronto in the 1970s through to 1990s. His shop was on Yorkville Ave and was a favourite of many society women. Media Paula Williams Madison: Mother is Chinese and Afro-Jamaican. Former NBC executive who produced "Finding Samuel Lowe" and wrote the book of the same name. See also[edit source] Caribbean–People's Republic of China relations People's Republic of China–Jamaica relations Chinese Caribbean Footnotes[edit source] Jump up ^ Li 2004, p. 57 Jump up ^ Shibata 2006 ^ Jump up to: a b c Hemlock, Doreen (17 April 2005), "Out Of Many, One People: Chinese-Jamaicans Treasure Their Roots And Their Communities", Sun-Sentinel, retrieved 2010-08-26 ^ Jump up to: a b Li 2004, p. 44 Jump up ^ Lai 1998, p. 47 Jump up ^ Li 2004, p. 43 ^ Jump up to: a b c d Tortello, Rebecca (1 September 2003), "The Arrival of the Chinese", The Jamaica Gleaner, retrieved 2010-08-30 Jump up ^ Lai 1998, p. 287 Jump up ^ Lai 1993, p. 50 Jump up ^ Lacey 1977, p. 26 Jump up ^ Li 2004, p. 53 ^ Jump up to: a b Li 2004, p. 52 Jump up ^ Li 2004, p. 47 Jump up ^ Li 2004, p. 51 Jump up ^ Barnes 1997, p. 297 Jump up ^ Barnes 1997, p. 299 Jump up ^ Barnes 1997, p. 300 Jump up ^ Barnes 1997, pp. 301–302 Jump up ^ Li 2004, p. 48 Jump up ^ Li 2004, p. 49 Jump up ^ Li 2004, pp. 49–50 Jump up ^ Li 2004, p. 50 ^ Jump up to: a b Shibata 2006, p. 58 Jump up ^ Lacey 1977, p. 86 Jump up ^ Lacey 1977, p. 14 Jump up ^ http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/columns/Conflicts-with-the-Chinese-revisited_16378403 Jump up ^ Shibata 2006, pp. 55–56 Jump up ^ Shibata 2006, p. 52 Jump up ^ Shibata 2006, pp. 64–5 Jump up ^ Shibata 2006, p. 57 Jump up ^ Li 2004, p. 56 Jump up ^ Shibata 2006, pp. 58–59 Jump up ^ "Asian-American Heritage Week: Chinese Jamaicans Help Reggae Music Evolve", NY1.com, 15 May 2007, retrieved 2010-08-30 Jump up ^ "Asian-American Heritage Week: Multi-Ethnic Family Works To Maintain Asian Heritage", NY1.com, 11 May 20076, retrieved 2010-08-30 Check date values in: |date= (help) Jump up ^ "Maurice Tenn is Dead". Jamaica Observer. Retrieved 2015-12-16. Jump up ^ "Professor the Hon. Anthony Chen, OM". Jump up ^ Wharton, David (2012-08-23). "Not only do Bruins visit attractions in China, they become one". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2014-03-18. Jump up ^ http://ethnicelebs.com/patrick-chung Jump up ^ http://sampan.org/2013/02/patriots-player-patrick-chung-visits-boston-chinatown-neighborhood-center/ Jump up ^ "牙买加足球教父---温斯顿-钟汉强". Jump up ^ "SHENZHEN ROOTS". Jump up ^ Frankel, Susannah (16 February 2002). "Naomi Campbell: A model of privacy?". The Independent. Independent Print Limited. ISSN 0951-9467. Retrieved 16 September 2011. Jump up ^ E Talk Daily, CTV Television Network, archived from the original on 28 September 2007, retrieved 2012-08-27; relevant portion starts at 0:58 Bibliography[edit source] Barnes, Natasha B. (1997), "Face of the Nation: Race, Nationalisms, and Identities in Jamaican Beauty Pageants", in López Springfield, Consuelo, Daughters of Caliban: Caribbean women in the twentieth century, Indiana University Press, pp. 285–306, ISBN 978-0-253-33249-3 Bouknight-Davis, Gail (2004), "Chinese Economic Development and Ethnic Identity Formation in Jamaica", in Wilson, pp. 69–93 Missing or empty |title= (help) Lacey, Terry (1977), Violence and politics in Jamaica, 1960-70: internal security in a developing country, Manchester University Press, ISBN 978-0-7190-0633-3 Lai, Walton Look (1993), "The people from Kwangtung", Trinidad and Tobago Review, 15 (8/9): 49–51 Lai, Walton Look (1998), The Chinese in the West Indies, 1806-1995: a documentary history, University of the West Indies, ISBN 978-976-640-021-7 Lai, Walton Look (2005), "Images of the Chinese in West Indian History", in Anderson, Wanni Wibulswasdi; Lee, Robert G., Displacements and diasporas: Asians in the Americas, Rutgers University Press, pp. 54–77, ISBN 978-0-8135-3611-8 Li, Anshan (2004), "Survival, Adaptation, and Integration: Origins and Development of the Chinese Community in Jamaica", in Wilson, pp. 41–68 Missing or empty |title= (help) Shibata, Yoshiko (2006), "Searching for a Niche, Creolizing Religious Tradition: Negotiation and Reconstruction of Ethnicity among Chinese in Jamaica", in Kumar, P. Pratap, Religious Pluralism in the Diaspora, Brill, pp. 51–72, ISBN 978-90-04-15250-2 Wilson, Andrew R., ed. (2004), The Chinese in the Caribbean, Markus Wiener Publishers, ISBN 978-1-55876-315-9 Further reading[edit source] Bryan, Patrick (1996), "The Creolization of the Chinese Community in Jamaica", in Reddock, Rhoda, Ethnic Minorities in Caribbean Society, University of the West Indies Press, pp. 173–272, ISBN 978-976-618-024-9 Lee, Russell (1998), "The Chinese Retail Grocery Trade in Jamaica", in Wang, Ling-chi; Wang, Gungwu, The Chinese Diaspora: Selected Essays, 2, Singapore: Times Academic Publisher, pp. 112–130, ISBN 978-981-210-093-1 External links[edit source] ChineseJamaican.com Jamaican Chinese Worldwide - One Family (published by Huntsmill Graphics in 2004) Caribbean Chinese Association, based in Toronto, Canada "Interview with Jamaican race car driver Natasha Chang", Jamaicans.com, 1 November 2008 [show] vte Jamaicans [show] vte Overseas Chinese Categories: Asian JamaicanChinese CaribbeanEthnic groups in JamaicaChinese diaspora by countryJamaican people of Chinese descent

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