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Kinetic Energy Recovery Systems From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Kinetic Energy Recovery Systems (KERS) are automotive systems whereby the kinetic energy of a moving vehicle is recovered under braking and stored in a reservoir (either a flywheel or a battery) for later use under acceleration. KERS was used for the motor sport Formula One's 2009 season, and is under development for road vehicles. However, KERS was abandoned for the 2010 Formula One season, but has been reintroduced in 2011.[1] The Formula One teams that used Kinetic Energy Recovery Systems in the 2009 season are Ferrari, Renault, BMW, and McLaren. One of the main reasons that not all cars use KERS is because it adds an extra 25 kilograms of weight. While not adding to the total car weight, it does incur a penalty particularly seen in the qualifying rounds, as it raises the car's center of gravity, and reduces the amount of ballast that is available to balance the car so that it is more predictable when turning.[2] FIA rules also limit the exploitation of the system. Eventually, during the season, Renault and BMW stopped using the system. Williams is developing a flywheel-KERS system. The concept of transferring the vehicle’s kinetic energy using Flywheel energy storage was postulated by physicist Richard Feynman in the 1950s[citation needed] and is exemplified in complex high end systems such as the Zytek, Flybrid,[3] Torotrak[4][5] and Xtrac used in F1 and simple, easily manufactured and integrated differential based systems such as the Cambridge Passenger/Commercial Vehicle Kinetic Energy Recovery System (CPC-KERS).[6] Xtrac and Flybrid are both licensees of Torotrak's technologies, which employ a small and sophisticated ancillary gearbox incorporating a continuously variable transmission (CVT). The CPC-KERS is similar as it also forms part of the driveline assembly. However, the whole mechanism including the flywheel sits entirely in the vehicle’s hub (looking like a drum brake). In the CPC-KERS, a differential replaces the CVT and transfers torque between the flywheel, drive wheel and road wheel. •	]Use in motor sport [edit]History A Flybrid Systems Kinetic Energy Recovery System The first of these systems to be revealed was the Flybrid.[7] This system weighs 24 kg and has an energy capacity of 400 kJ after allowing for internal losses. A maximum power boost of 60 kW (81.6 PS, 80.4 HP) for 6.67 s is available. The 240 mm diameter flywheel weighs 5.0  kg and revolves at up to 64,500 rpm. Maximum torque is 18 Nm (13.3 ftlbs). The system occupies a volume of 13 litres.[7] Two minor incidents have been reported during testing of KERS systems in 2008. The first occurred when the Red Bull Racing team tested their KERS battery for the first time in July: it malfunctioned and caused a fire scare that led to the team's factory being evacuated.[8] The second was less than a week later when a BMW Sauber mechanic was given an electric shock when he touched Christian Klien's KERS-equipped car during a test at the Jerez circuit.[9] [edit]FIA A KERS flywheel Formula One have stated that they support responsible solutions to the world's environmental challenges,[10] and the FIA allowed the use of 81 hp (60 kW; 82 PS) KERS in the regulations for the 2009 Formula One season.[11] Teams began testing systems in 2008: energy can either be stored as mechanical energy (as in a flywheel) or as electrical energy (as in a battery or supercapacitor).[12] Due to high cost, FOTA teams agreed to drop KERS from the 2010 season onwards. Williams F1 stated that it intended to use KERS in 2010 and changes to the regulations must be agreed by all teams, but in the event did not use it in 2010 either. [13] Vodafone McLaren Mercedes became the first team to win a F1 GP using a KERS equipped car when Lewis Hamilton won the Hungarian Grand Prix on July 26, 2009. Their second KERS equipped car finished fifth. At the following race Lewis Hamilton became the first driver to take pole position with a KERS car, his team mate, Heikki Kovalainen qualifying second. This was also the first instance of an all KERS front row. On August 30, 2009, Kimi Räikkönen won the Belgian Grand Prix with his KERS equipped Ferrari. It was the first time that KERS contributed directly to a race victory, with second placed Giancarlo Fisichella claiming "Actually, I was quicker than Kimi. He only took me because of KERS at the beginning".[14] New rules for the 2011 F1 season raise the minimum weight limit of the car and driver by 20kg to 640kg. This is to prepare the way for a return of the KERS power-boost and energy storage systems which featured in 2009.[15] For the 2010 season all the teams agreed not to use it although it was legal then.[16] As of 2013 it is possible that F1 will require KERS again as FIA rules force F1 to use greener methods to power their cars. The proposal is to increase the power output from 60kW to 120kW.[17] The FIA release of the 2011 rule changes with both FOTA, FOM and the FIA have agreed that F1 will have KERS for the 2011 season at 60kW, with this value rising in 2013 to coincide with smaller engines. [18] This is still optional as it was in the 2009 season and can be battery or flywheel based. [edit]Autopart makers Bosch Motorsport Service is developing a KERS for use in motor racing. These electricity storage systems for hybrid and engine functions include a lithium-ion battery with scalable capacity or a flywheel, a four to eight kilogram electric motor [with a maximum power level of 60 kW (81  hp)], as well as the KERS controller for power and battery management. Bosch also offers a range of electric hybrid systems for commercial and light-duty applications.[19] [edit]Carmakers Automakers including Honda have been testing KERS systems.[20] At the 2008 1000 km of Silverstone, Peugeot Sport unveiled the Peugeot 908 HY, a hybrid electric variant of the diesel 908, with KERS. Peugeot plans to campaign the car in the 2009 Le Mans Series season, although it will not be capable of scoring championship points.[21] Vodafone McLaren Mercedes began testing of their KERS in September 2008 at the Jerez test track in preparation for the 2009 F1 season, although at that time it was not yet known if they would be operating an electrical or mechanical system.[22] In November 2008 it was announced that Freescale Semiconductor would collaborate with McLaren Electronic Systems to further develop its KERS forMcLaren's Formula One car from 2010 onwards. Both parties believed this collaboration would improve McLaren's KERS system and help the system filter down to road car technology.[23] Toyota has used a supercapacitor for regeneration on Supra HV-R hybrid race car that won the 24 Hours of Tokachi race in July 2007.[24] At the NAIAS 2011, Porsche unveiled a RSR variant of their Porsche 918 concept car which uses a flywheel-based KERS system that sits beside the driver in the passenger compartment and boosts the dual electric motors driving the front wheels and the 565 BHP V8 gasoline engine driving the rear to a combined power output of 767 BHP.[25] [edit]Motorcycles KTM racing boss Harald Bartol has revealed that the factory raced with a secret Kinetic Energy Recovery System (KERS) fitted to Tommy Koyama's motorcycle during the 2008 season-ending 125ccValencian Grand Prix. This was illegal, so they were later banned from doing it afterwards.[26] [edit]Races Automobile Club de l'Ouest, the organizer behind the annual 24 Hours of Le Mans event and the Le Mans Series is currently "studying specific rules for LMP1 that will be equipped with a kinetic energy recovery system. "[27] Peugeot was the first manufacturer to unveil a fully functioning LMP1 car in the form of the 908 HY at the 2008 Autosport 1000 km race at Silverstone.[28] [edit]See also 	Regenerative brake 	Make Cars Green 	Robert Bosch GmbH 	Magneti Marelli 	Energy Return System