User:Skjaer/Thermal pollution

This is our sandbox I believe?

Directions to go:

- Increases in air temperature around nuclear power plant sites (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169413003909?casa_token=ThqGJ7KLAvsAAAAA:gDm6Ji2b0znWC12vRV7JJU5kWpQQf9HNlTWF5_pY7x3CwBmejWGmD98LV18jRtQyl9H2jB9bhw) (1)

- Long term water temp increases (even after plants closed) (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169413003909?casa_token=ThqGJ7KLAvsAAAAA:gDm6Ji2b0znWC12vRV7JJU5kWpQQf9HNlTWF5_pY7x3CwBmejWGmD98LV18jRtQyl9H2jB9bhw)

- messes with thermocline--has been seen to eliminate thermocline in the winter (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169413003909?casa_token=ThqGJ7KLAvsAAAAA:gDm6Ji2b0znWC12vRV7JJU5kWpQQf9HNlTWF5_pY7x3CwBmejWGmD98LV18jRtQyl9H2jB9bhw)

 * looks like our best plan of action might be to shift some sections around and add a "biogeochemical effects" section--was thinking it could go "causes" then "biogeochemical effects" then "ecological effects"

-working on the solutions section, I think its kind of helpful to have the source and the solutions together, so that's how I've been doing that one so far.

-confirmation of surface water increases, also wind/output heat distances from plant can decrease effects of warming (file:///home/chronos/u-92b3102c850aed9dfc9045f0f523a425490d0a85/MyFiles/Downloads/Abbaspour2005_Article_ModelingOfThermalPollutionInCo.pdf) (4)

Biogeochemical Effects outline:

warming of water--long periods of time/deep

stratification differences--summer vs winter

how this effects mixing of nutrients etc. (connect to other article?)

surface temp increases/release to atmosphere--global warming contributor (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921818103001139) (5)

what factors impact degree of warming

More sources:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921818103001139

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169413003909

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016WR019686 (8)

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es102260c (river loose effects) (9)

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Giorgio-Socal/publication/236159691_Effects_of_thermal_pollution_and_nutrient_discharges_on_a_spring_phytoplankton_bloom_in_the_industrial_area_of_the_Lagoon_of_Venice/links/53d428660cf228d363e9a6c3/Effects-of-thermal-pollution-and-nutrient-discharges-on-a-spring-phytoplankton-bloom-in-the-industrial-area-of-the-Lagoon-of-Venice.pdf (nutrient effects?) (10)

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03680770.2001.11901781 (nutrient effects?) (11)

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/035006/pdf (12)

K. Averyt et al., "Fresh Water Use by U.S. Power Plants," Energyand Water in a Warming World Initiative, November 2011 (13)

https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/fishing/habitat/threats/cold-water-pollution#:~:text=Cold%2Dwater%20pollution%20is%20caused,overlying%20a%20cold%20bottom%20layer. (14)

https://academic.oup.com/conphys/article/8/1/coaa005/5739784 (15)

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/11/1175 (16)

https://phys.org/news/2015-09-happier-environment-fish.html (17)

Draft:

* Introduce causes--restructure the last portion or sources/solutions into just sources and then later solutions at end...

~also add that water can warm due to slowing of water created by dams/reservoirs (16), add another source?

 * Biogeochemical Effects:

''Water warming effects, as opposed to water cooling effects, have been the most studied with regard to biogeochemical effects (link to wiki on biogeochemistry). Much of this research is on the long term effects of nuclear power plants on lakes after a nuclear power plant has been removed. Overall, there is support for thermal pollution leading to an increase in water temperatures (2,4). When power plants are active, short term water temperature increases correlated with electrical needs, with more cooling water release during the winter months (2). Water warming has also been seen to persist in systems for long periods of time, even after plants have been removed (2). When warm water from power plant cooling exports enters systems, it often mixes leading to general increases in water temperature throughout the water body, including deep cooler water (2). Specifically in lakes and similar water bodies, stratification (link to wiki on stratification) leads to different effects on a seasonal basis. In the summer, thermal pollution has been seen to increase deeper water temperature more dramatically than surface water, though stratification still exists, while in the winter surface water temperatures see a larger increase (2). Stratification is reduced in winter months due to thermal pollution, often eliminating the thermocline (link to wiki on thermocline) (3). A study looking at the effect of a removed nuclear power plant in Lake Stechlin, Germany found a 2.33°C increase persisted in surface water during the winter and a 2.04°C increase persisted in deep water during the summer, with marginal increases throughout the water column in both winter and summer (2). Stratification and water temperature differences due to thermal pollution seem to correlate with nutrient cycling of phosphorus and nitrogen, as oftentimes water bodies that receive cooling exports will shift toward eutrophication (link to wiki on eutrophication). No clear data has been obtained on this though, as it is difficult to differentiate influences from other industry and agriculture (10,11). Added this part to article!''

''Similar to effects seen in aquatic systems due to climatic warming of water in some parts of the world, thermal pollution has also been seen to increase surface temperatures in the summer (1). This can lead surface water temperatures that lead to releases of warm air into the atmosphere, increasing air temperature (1). It therefore can be seen as a contributor to global warming (5). Many ecological effects will be compounded by climate change as well, as water bodies' ambient temperature rises (12).''

''Spacial and climatic factors can impact the severity of water warming due to thermal pollution. High wind speeds tend to increase the impact of thermal pollution (4). Rivers and large bodies of water also tend to loose the effects of thermal pollution as they progress from the source (4,9). Added this part!''

'Rivers present a unique problem with thermal pollution. As water temperatures are elevated upstream, power plants downstream receive warmer waters. Evidence of this effect has been seen along the Mississippi River, as power plants are forced to use warmer waters as their coolants. This reduces the efficiency of the plants and forces the plants to use more water and produce more thermal pollution.'https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aaac85/pdf

*also in response to review, we planned on keeping the ecological section, so we did not include more info on biological effects*

*** also include graph image from source #2?

* Ecological effects: section seemed pretty good so maybe additional sourcing only?, perhaps for first point on dissolved oxygen link to wiki that explains more

Cold Water

Add source for the effects (15)

Survival rates of fish have dropped up to 75%. (14) added!

* Solutions: restructure and expand on this section

Industrial wastewater

One of the largest contributors to thermal pollution are once-through cooling systems (13). A large power plant may withdraw and export as many as 500 million gallons per day (13). These systems produce water 10°C warmer on average (12). Converting facilities from once-through cooling to closed-loop systems can significantly decrease the thermal pollution emitted.

~ combine with some of the existing writing so it goes:

-once-through (source)

-alternative cooling methods (solution) ~

'''Temperatures can be taken through remote sensing techniques to continually monitor plants' pollution. This aids in quantifying each plants' specific effects, and allows for tighter regulation of thermal pollution.'''

These systems release water at a temperature more comparable to the natural environment.

As water stratifies within dams, the temperature at the bottom drops dramatically. Many dams are constructed to release this cold water from the bottom into the natural systems. (14). added!

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10040-006-0047-y.pdf

Reservoirs

As water stratifies within man-made dams, the temperature at the bottom drops dramatically. Many dams are constructed to release this cold water from the bottom into the natural systems. This may be mitigated by designing the dam to release warmer surface waters instead of the colder water at the bottom of the reservoir.

Urban runoff looks pretty good

As storm water passes over hot parking lots, roads and sidewalks it absorbs some of the heat, an effect of the urban heat island (link to wiki).

...by allowing the water more time to release excess heat before entering the aquatic environment.


 * *looked for regulation levels, seemed to vary a lot case by case*
 * https://www3.epa.gov/region1/npdes/merrimackstation/pdfs/final/merrimack-final-rtc-ch-2.pdf

~bold=changes suggested by review