User:Skodirjanov/sandbox

Usually after prepositions of locality it is preferred to use a personal object pronoun rather than a reflexive pronoun:


 * Close the door after you. (NOT ... with herself.)
 * He was pulling a small cart behind him. (NOT ... with herself.)


 * She took her dog with her. (NOT ... with herself.)

Compare:


 * She's very pleased with herself. (NOT ... with her.)

Certain verbs have reflexive pronouns in some languages but not in English:


 * Do you shave on Sundays? (NOT Do you shave yourself on Sundays?)
 * Try to concentrate. (NOT Try to concentrate yourself)
 * I feel strange. (NOT I feel myself strange.)

The list of such verbs:


 * complain, concentrate, get up/hot/tired, lie down, meet, relax, remember, sit down, wake up, shave, undress, wash, acclimatise, adapt, behave, hide, move...

Non-reflexive usage in English
Non-reflexive use of reflexive pronouns is rather common in English. Most of the time, reflexive pronouns function as emphatic pronouns that highlight or emphasize the individuality or particularity of the noun. Gramatically, the position of reflexive pronouns in this usage is either right after the noun the pronouns are emphasizing or, if the noun is subject, after-verb-or-object position is also possible. For example, "Why don't you yourself do the job?", "Why don't you do the job yourself?", or "I want to fix my phone itself; I will not fix your watch as well."

Some speakers use reflexive pronouns without local linguistic antecedents to refer to discourse participants or people already referenced in a discourse: for example, "Please, forward the information to myself, Anything else for yourself today?". Within the linguistics literature, reflexives with discourse antecedents are often referred to as logophors. Standard English allows use of logophors in some contexts: for example, "John was angry. Embarrassing pictures of himself were on display." However, within Standard English, this logophoric use of reflexives is generally limited to positions where the reflexive does not have a coargument. The newer non-standard usage does not respect this limitation. In some cases, reflexives without local antecedents may be better analyzed as emphatic pronouns without any true reflexive sense.

It is common in some dialects of English to use standard object pronouns to express reflexive relations, especially in the first and sometimes second persons, and especially for a recipient: for example, "I want to get me some supper." While this was seemingly standard in Old English through the Early Modern Period (with "self" constructs primarily used for emphatic purposes), it is held to be dialectal or nonstandard in Modern English.

Russian
The pronoun себя sebya universally means "oneself"/"myself"/"himself", etc. It is inflected depending on the case.

When used to indicate that the person is the direct object of the verb, one uses the accusative form, sebya. (It does not have a nominative form.)


 * Он поранил себя. On poranil sebya. ("He has wounded himself.")

Emphasized forms are "sam sebya" - masculine, "sama sebya" - feminine, "sami sebya" - plural. However, the word "sam" usually comes after the noun it is emphasizing.


 * Он сам поранил себя. On sam poranil sebya. ("He has wounded himself." Literally: "He himself has wounded himself.")

This sentence underlines that the subject inflicted the wounds while in the previous example, "sebya" merely indicates that the subject was wounded.

In addition, the reflexive pronoun sebya gave rise the reflexive affix -sya (-ся) used to generate reflexive verbs, but in this context the affix indicates that the action happened accidentally :


 * Он поранился (He has wounded himself by accident.)

There are certain stylistic differences between the three usages, despite being rendered in the same way in English.

When the person is not a direct object of the verb, other cases are used:


 * Он принес с собой бутылку водки. On prines s soboi butylku vodki. ("He brought a bottle of vodka with himself.") - instrumental case
 * Он уронил сумку себе на ногу. On uronil sumku sebe na nogu. ("He dropped a bag on his (own) foot." Literally: "He dropped a bag to himself on the foot.") - dative case

Compare:


 * Он уронил сумку ему на ногу. On uronil sumku emu na nogu. ("He dropped a bag on his (someone else's) foot.")

Russian has a reflexive possessive as well.


 * Он любит свою жену. On lyubit svoyu zhenu. (He loves his wife (his own). - Reflexive possessive)
 * Он любит его жену. On lyubit yego zhenu (He loves his wife (someone else's). - It is ambiguous in English, but less so in Russian.)

Because of the existence of reflexive forms, the use of a non-reflexive pronoun indicates a subject that is different from the object. If it is impossible, the sentence is invalid or at least irregular:


 * Он поранил его. On poranil ego. ("He has wounded him (someone else).")
 * Ты видишь себя в зеркале. Ty vidish sebya v zerkale ("You see yourself in the mirror") - proper
 * Tы видишь тебя в зеркале. Ty vidish tebya v zerkale ("You see you in the mirror") - invalid
 * Ты любишь свою жену? Ty lyubish svoyu zhenu? ("Do you love your (own) wife?") - proper
 * Ты любишь твою жену? Ty lyubish tvoyu zhenu? ("Do you love your wife?") - irregular

Uzbek
In Uzbek, the pronoun "o'zi", with the pronunciation of [ɜzɪ], refers to "oneself" and, to create a person specific forms, it requires certain affixes :

myself - "o'zi" + "-mni" => "o'zimni" [ɜzɪmnɪ]; to myself - "o'zi" + "-mga" => "o'zimga" [ɜzɪmgʌ]; from myself - "o'zi" + "-mdan" => "o'zimdan" [ɜzɪmdʌn];

yourself - "o'zi" + "-ngni" => "o'zingni" [ɜzɪngnɪ]; to yourself - "o'zi" + "-ngga" => "o'zingga" [ɜzɪngʌ]; from yourself - "o'zi" + "-ngdan" => "o'zingdan" [ɜzɪngdʌn];

himself/ herself/ itself - "o'zi" + "-ni" => "o'zini" [ɜzɪnɪ]; to himself/ herself/ itself- "o'zi" + "-ga" => "o'ziga" [ɜzɪgʌ]; from himself/ herself/ itself- "o'zi" + "-dan" => "o'zidan" [ɜzɪdʌn];

ourselves - "o'zi" + "-mizni" => "o'zimizni" [ɜzɪmɪznɪ]; to ourselves- "o'zi" + "-mizga" => "o'zimizga" [ɜzɪmɪzgʌ]; from ourselves - "o'zi" + "-mizdan" => "o'zimizdan" [ɜzɪmɪzdʌn];

yourselves - "o'zi" + "-ngizni" => "o'zingizni" [ɜzɪngɪznɪ]; to yourselves - "o'zi" + "-ngizga" => "o'zingizga" [ɜzɪngɪzgʌ]; from yourselves - "o'zi" + "-ngizdan" => "o'zingizdan" [ɜzɪngɪzdʌn];

themselves - "o'z" + "-larini" => "o'zlarini" [ɜzlʌrɪnɪ]; to themselves- "o'z" + "-lariga" => "o'zlariga" [ɜzɪlʌrɪgʌ]; from themselves- "o'z" + "-laridan" => "o'zilaridan" [ɜzɪlʌrɪdʌn];

Emphatic-pronoun use:

myself - "o'zi" + "-m" => "o'zim" [ɜzɪm]

yourself - "o'zi" + "-ng" => "o'zing" [ɜzɪng]

himself/ herself/ itself - "o'zi" + "-" => "o'zi" [ɜzɪ]

ourselves - "o'zi" + "-miz" => "o'zimiz" [ɜzɪmɪz]

yourselves - "o'zi" + "-ngiz" => "o'zingiz" [ɜzɪngɪz]

themselves - "o'z" + "-lari" => "o'zlari" [ɜzlʌrɪ]

Basically, the suffixes change based on the preposition used :


 * Jon o'ziga mashina sotiboldi. (John bought himself a car)
 * Biz futbol o'ynayotib o'zimizni jarohatladik. (We hurt ourselves playing football)
 * Bu holodilnik o'zini o'zi eritadi. (This refrigerator defrosts itself )
 * Men o'zimdan ranjidim. (I’m annoyed with myself)
 * Ular o'zlariga qaradilar. (They looked at themselves)
 * O'zlaringizni ehtiyot qilinglar. (Take care of yourselves)