User:Slolamingsnailmail/Rhinovirus

Article Draft
There are no vaccines against these viruses as there is little-to-no cross-protection between serotypes. At least 99 serotypes of human rhinoviruses affecting humans have been sequenced. However, a study of the VP4 protein has shown it to be highly conserved among many serotypes of human rhinovirus, opening up the potential for a future pan-serotype human rhinovirus vaccine. A similar result was obtained with the VP1 protein. Like VP4, VP1 also occasionally "pokes" out of the viral particle, making it available to neutralizing antibodies. Both peptides have been tested on rabbits, resulting in successful generation of cross-serotype antibodies. The successful introduction of human ICAM-1 into mice has removed a major roadblock in creating an animal model for RV vaccination.

[[Rhinovirus]] - Above is the section of our article we will be adding to. Below is what we will add to the article, using the sources in our Bibliography, specifically in relation to Rhinovirus vaccines:

Prevention of Rhinovirus is very challenging as there are no official or approved vaccines or preventative measures for Rhinovirus. The lack of data and knowledge of Rhinovirus poses obstacles to the development of a vaccine. Better understanding and study have been promoted in recent years in order to provide treatment and prevention for one of the most common human viruses. These challenges include over 100 unique Rhinovirus serotypes with recent discoveries of even more, a lack of data indicating the most commons strains of HRV in the human population, and a lack of understanding of the antigenic differences between Rhinovirus serotypes along with limited studies including animal models of HRV infection and pathogenesis [ https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/CMR.00077-12 ]. Rhinovirus research has typically been neglected as it occurs most synonymously as the common cold. Recent attention to the effects of viruses on the immunocompromised have brought more attention to researching this very common infection [ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0929664616304338?via%3Dihub ]. Currently, the treatment for Rhinovirus is typically only for those in palliative care as a large portion of the population is able to recover from a Rhinovirus infection.

However, Rhinovirus can pose a life threatening risk to those that have immunocompromising conditions, such as those with asthma who appear to be at greater risk of severe infections from Rhinovirus, as it poses to exacerbate symptoms of asthma. Treatments for those with asthma have been progressed as IFN-, a cytokine modulator has been shown to attenuate stronger symptoms of asthma onset by a Rhinovirus infection [ https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/11/6/521/htm ]. Despite its increasing risk it poses to those with preexisting conditions, Rhinovirus has itself demonstrated an ability to act similar to an attenuated virus for stronger respiratory infection caused by other viruses. It has the ability in milder infections to promote antiviral immunity in the upper respiratory tract against other viruses such as Influenza and SARS-COV-2 [ https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/14/1/141/htm ]. Rhinovirus has a mutation rate similar to that of Influenza which, along with SARS-COV2, has a vaccine treatment. Rate of mutation is not what poses an issue to Rhinovirus vaccination. Rhinovirus genome has a high rate of variability in human circulation, even occurring with genomic sequences that differ up to 30% [ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8365703/ ]. Recent studies have identified conserved regions of the Rhinovirus genome; this, along with an adjuvanted polyvalent Rhinovirus vaccine, shows potential for future development in treatment [ https://f1000research.com/articles/7-1537/v1 ].

Explanation of changes: In the Rhinovirus article, we properly cited each reference. We also reviewed the peer reviews on our draft and made a few changes to the wording and to the structure of the draft to help it flow better in the actual article. The final version of our draft is in the Rhinovirus article.