User:Slph01/Antihypertensive drug

Calcium channel blockers https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antihypertensive_drug&action=edit&section=2
Calcium channel blockers block the entry of calcium into muscle cells in artery walls, resulting in the relaxation of the muscle cells and vasodilation.


 * dihydropyridines:
 * amlodipine
 * barnidipine
 * cilnidipine
 * clevidipine
 * felodipine
 * isradipine
 * lercanidipine
 * levamlodipine
 * nicardipine
 * nifedipine
 * nimodipine
 * nisoldipine
 * nitrendipine
 * non-dihydropyridines:
 * diltiazem
 * verapamil

The 8th Joint National Committee (JNC-8) recommends calcium channel blockers to be a first-line treatment either as monotherapy or in combination with thiazide-type diuretics, ACE inhibitors, or angiotensin II receptor antagonists for all patients regardless of age or race.

The ratio of CCBs' anti-proteinuria effect, non-dihydropyridine to dihydropyridine was 30 to −2. The anti-proteinuria effect of non-dihydropyridine is due to better selectivity during glomerular filtration and/or a lower perfusion rate through the renal system.

Notable side effects of CCBs include edema, flushing in the face, headache, drowsiness, and dizziness.

Adrenergic receptor antagonists[edit] https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antihypertensive_drug&action=edit&section=5
'''Beta-blockers can block beta-1 adrenergic receptors and/or beta-2 adrenergic receptors. Those that block beta-1-adrenergic receptors prevent the binding of endogenous catecholamines (such as epinephrine and norepinephrine), which utimately reduces blood pressure through decreasing renin and cardiac output release. Those that block beta-2-adrenergic receptors reduce blood pressure through increased relaxation of smooth muscle.'''

'''Alpha-blockers can block alpha-1 adrenergic receptors and/or alpha-2 adrenergic receptors. Those that block alpha-1-adrenergic receptors on vascular smooth muscle cells prevent vasoconstriction. Blockade of alpha-2-adrenergic receptors prevents the negative feedback mechanism of norepinephrine (NE). Non-selective alpha-blockers generate a balance whereby alpha-2-blockers release NE to reduce the vasodilation effects induced by alpha-1-blockers. '''

History https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antihypertensive_drug&action=edit&section=14

History of Thiazides

Chlorothiazide was discovered in 1957, but the first known instance of an effective antihypertensive treatment was in 1947 using primaquine, an antimalarial.

History of Calcium Channel Blockers

'''In 1883, Ringer discovered the involvement of calcium for cellular activity on isolated heart. Later in 1901, Stiles reported the same activity in muscle contraction. In the early 1940s, Kamada (from Japan) and Heilbrunn (from the United States) noted how calcium was involved with muscle contractions. In 1964, calcium channel blockers were discovered in Godfraind’s laboratory through the screening of coronary dilators, which showed how calcium was blocked from entering artery cells, resulting in vasorelaxation. '''

Aldosterone receptor antagonist[edit] https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antihypertensive_drug&action=edit&section=8
Aldosterone receptor antagonists, '''also known as mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) can lower blood pressure by blocking the binding of aldosterone to the mineralocorticoid receptor. Spironolactone and eplerenone are MRAs that causes a block in the reabsorption of sodium, resulting in a decrease in blood pressure'''.


 * eplerenone
 * spironolactone

Aldosterone receptor antagonists are not recommended as first-line agents for blood pressure, but spironolactone and eplerenone are both used in the treatment of heart failure and resistant hypertension.

Vasodilators:

different classes: ACEi, ARB, Nitrates, CCBs, Minoxidil, Hydralazine, Beta-blockers