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Research on Athletes and Violence
Research[edit] Benedict and Yeager suggest personal behaviors and complexes, such as sense of entitlement, can be attributed to multiple forms of violence or behavior that lends itself to crime. Is it difficult or nearly impossible to turn the violence off as soon as practice or the game is over? The majority of athletes who display violent on-field behavior don’t continue their aggression off the field. If they did, the court records and news media would surely let us know. We simply do not have enough research to address this question, nor do we have complete data on the incidence of domestic violence by athletes. Most families prefer not to publicize such incidents until they become frequent or incapacitating, and most women do not wish to press charges. (benedict & yaeger citing (blumstein and benedict) (then possibly a survey of the history of violence as is pertains to sports, clearly distinguish that (I) am focusing specifically on off-the-field violence, but not I am not excluding how the common nature of sports, such as football, can directly impact how a player behaves off the field. (Is a timeline in incidences too dry?)-n Dom violence, drunkdriving, # of court dismisals, overall continued tone of "not a big dealness". the truth of anger and aggression. When and where to make social ties, like the salary of athletes issues. Is anything being done to prevent this egregious pattern of violence. Are leagues and owners doing enough? Are recent examples, such as adrian peterson and ray rice the final straw that broke the camels back? Ideas to include/expand on: RESEARCH & Highlights Stanley Teitelbaum. Athletes who Indulge in the Dark Side" (Praeger Press, 2012)."'Of 10 division 1 schools, student athletes comprised 3% of the entire sample population, but contributed to 19% of the sexual abuse or violence cases within their respected areas."' Rachel Rettner, senior writer for livescience.com. "Are Pro Athletes Prone to Violence?". 09/23/14. "FiveThirtyEight notes that people with higher income levels generally tend to have lower rates of arrest for domestic violence. The rate of domestic violence among NFL players is higher the would be expected for their income level, according to FiveThirtyEight, would could suggest that these athletes are indeed more prone to domestic violence."' Mitch Abrams. "Anger Management in Sport" (Human Kinesthetics, 2010). "'A contributing factor to domestic violence among football players may be that they are desensitized to physical conduct because it is a "part of what they do all the time"' ^Teitelbaum agrees with Abrams' above statement saying, '"They're trained to be very aggressive and somewhat violent on the field, that's the nature of the game and that’s how they become important players. And sometimes it's difficult for athletes to turn that off when they go back to their regular lives,"' ...continued ...In addition, Teitelbaum writes, '"some players grow up in an environment where violence is used to resolve conflict, Teitelbaum said. When you grow up, you repeat what you've seen, or what has been done to you," Teitelbaum said. ( Adrian Peterson has said that he disciplined his son the way he was disciplined as a child.) Violence can extend beyond physical damage. Abrams says, '"In addition to physical violence, there is often a lot of verbal and psychological abuse that goes on in athletes' relationships that does not receive as much attention. Not only can verbal and psychological abuse be harmful in and of themselves, but they also often precede physical violence, and so they also need to be addressed in treatment."' U.S. women's soccer player Hope Solo stood trial in November for allegedly punching her sister and her nephew, according to the New York Times. Chris Daniels of UsaToday Sports, '"Judge dismisses charges against Hope Solo in abuse case"'. The Court determined Solo acted in self defense after she had encounter with her nephew and his mother. Ronald B. Woods, PhD., Social Issues in Sport, Second Edition. Rwoods: A sensitive topic' for many athletes is the apparent rise in violence against women among male athletes. Most men would be quick to say that they respect women and certainly don’t intend women harm. Here are some statistics from the National Coalition Against Violent Athletes on its website at ncava.org: A three-year study showed that while male student-athletes make up 3% of the population on college campuses, they account for 19% of sexual assaults and 35% of domestic assaults on college campuses. Athletes commit one in three college sexual assaults. The general population has a conviction rate of 80% for sexual assaults, while the rate for athletes is only 38%. Rwoods:These statistics were gathered from 107 cases of sexual assault reported at 30 Division I schools between 1991 and 1993 (Crosset, Benedict, and McDonald 1995). Critics of this study say the sample size was relatively small and was not controlled for the use of alcohol, the use of tobacco, and the man’s attitude toward women. Those three factors are the main predictors of a male’s inclination toward gender violence. More recent studies have corroborated the study by Crosset and colleagues, and one researcher concluded that “a disproportionate number of campus gang rapes involve fraternities or athlete groups” (Simmons 2002). However, Todd Crosset (1999) reviewed the published research on violence against women by male athletes and concluded that while male athletes seem to be more frequently involved in sexual assaults than other male students, the differences between the two groups were not statistically significant. Rwoods: Domestic violence is the number-one crime perpetrated by athletes (Benedict and Yaeger 1998). In almost every case, the domestic violence involves male athletes who play violent sports physically abusing wives or girlfriends. In 2010, starting running back Steve Jackson of the St. Louis Rams was accused of beating up his girlfriend while she was nine months pregnant with his child. His former girlfriend, Supriya Harris, said that Jackson “forcibly grabbed my arm, flung me against the door and repeatedly pushed me to the ground.” Jackson took Harris to the hospital and told her to tell the doctors she had fallen in the shower. Ten days later, she delivered their child, but the couple separated four months later after he threatened her again (TMZ 2010). Yet it is not clear that athletes are any more involved in serious crime than the general population is. In a follow-up study, Blumstein and Benedict (1999) showed that 23% of the males in cities with a population of 250,000 or more are arrested for a serious crime at some point in their life. That compares with the 21.4% of NFL football players who had been arrested for something more serious than a minor crime as reported in Benedict’s earlier study (Benedict and Yaeger 1998). In fact, when Blumstein and Benedict compared NFL players with young men from similar racial backgrounds, they discovered that the arrest rates for NFL players were less than half that of the other group for crimes of domestic violence and nondomestic assaults. Is it difficult or nearly impossible to turn the violence off as soon as practice or the game is over? The majority of athletes who display violent on-field behavior don’t continue their aggression off the field. If they did, the court records and news media would surely let us know. We simply do not have enough research to address this question, nor do we have complete data on the incidence of domestic violence by athletes. Most families prefer not to publicize such incidents until they become frequent or incapacitating, and most women do not wish to press charges. Entitlement, Male Dominance Rwoods: Some athletes do develop a sense of entitlement as their fame grows (Benedict and Yaeger 1998). Whatever city they’re in, male athletes are surrounded by female groupies. The athletes often treat these women with disdain and yet are still tempted by their offers of sex. Wilt Chamberlain, a former great NBA player, boasted in his autobiography that he had slept with over 20,000 women. . . which, if true, shows a definite degree of deviance (ESPN 1999). Rwoods: A notable case involved boxer Mike Tyson, who attacked and raped Desiree Washington, a church- going beauty queen with a squeaky-clean image. Although Tyson was convicted and sent to jail, Washington’s career, psyche, and reputation were sullied forever. Typically, the male aggressor contends that his victim was “asking for it” and acting like a “slut.” Tyson claimed that he did not rape Washington, but once she filed charges he became so angry that he said, “I just hate her. Now I really do want to rape her” (Rivers 2003). Rwoods: More recent cases of violence or rape charges against prominent superstars such as basketball player Kobe Bryant of the Los Angeles Lakers and football player Ben Roethlisberger of the Pittsburgh Steelers illustrate just how difficult it is to evaluate the facts of the cases. While both players admitted to a consensual sexual relationship, they denied having forced themselves on the women. It is no secret that there are many cases of women who actively pursue a relationship with a famous athlete and then later renounce their responsibility for it. Although some of these cases make high-profile news reports, the legal process is often lengthy and costly and in the final analysis reveals only shades of gray in assigning blame While there is no question that violence occurs, when it involves football or basketball athletes it receives exhaustive media coverage. Since African American men dominate those sports, if they are involved in violent behavior it is practically guaranteed that the case will be widely publicized. African Americans such as Satch Sanders, who helped the Boston Celtics win eight world championships, are outraged by the violent portrayal of African American athletes. They point to the millions of dollars that famous athletes donate to schools, charities, and youth foundations. Most professional athletes are solid family men who respect their wives, mothers, sisters, and women in general. Joyce Williams-Mitchell is the executive director of the Massachusetts Coalition of Battered Women’s Service Groups and an African American woman who hates the violent image of athletes. She says, “It is a myth! Most batterers are men who control women through their profession, and they include police officers, clergymen, dentists, and judges. Athletes get the headlines, though, and an unfair public rap. Men from every profession (regardless of race) have the potential to be batterers” (Lapchick 1999). Could reports of violent behavior by professional football and basketball players be rooted in the racist fears of the U.S. public? You’ll recall that table 11.3 showed the percentage of African Americans in 2008 in the NFL to be 66% and in the NBA to be 77%. With such dominance also comes some jealousy and suspicion on the part of whites about violent black men since they see violent behavior on the football field or the basketball court. According to the National Opinion Research Center survey sponsored by the National Science Foundation at the University of Chicago, 56% of Caucasian Americans believe African Americans are more violent than whites are (Lapchick 1999). Also, of the 1,600 daily newspapers published in the United States, fewer than half a dozen have African American sport editors in cities where there are pro franchises. The United States appears to have Caucasian American sport journalists writing for a Caucasian American audience that may already have prejudiced views of African American men 'Criminal behavior has not been studied as intensely in other sports leagues. Because of the sport's intrinsically violent nature, one might suppose that football players are particularly prone to off-the-field violence. Reliable comparative statistics are not available. However, a survey of 252 nationally-reported criminal cases in one year involving athletes found that about fourteen percent (or forty-nine) of the athletes involved were professional football players, as compared to about seven percent (twenty-five) professional baseball players and about six percent (twenty-one) each professional basketball and hockey players. While non-scientific, the survey is at least suggestive that professional athletes who play other sports besides football also break the law in significant numbers, amounting to perhaps dozens of high-profile incidents each year. *Indeed, the survey also casts some doubt on the hypothesis that football players are intrinsically more prone to criminality. While professional football players were involved in twice as many incidents as any other category of professional athlete, the NFL has about twice as many players (1395) as major league baseball (750) and the NHL (630), and about three times as many players as the NBA (406). These statistics were calculated by multiplying the current number of teams per league by the corresponding league limit. See generally, Players, ESPN.COM, available at http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/players (last visited Oct. 15, 2001); Players, ESPN.COM, available at http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/players (last visited Oct. 15, 2001); Players, ESPN.COM, available at http:lsports.espn.go.com/nbalplayers (last visited Oct. 15, 2001); Players, ESPN.COM, available at http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/index (last visited Oct. 15, 2001). Public heroes, private felons : athletes and crimes against women - Jeff Benedict - need access. Women in UFC The cultural undermining of women both broadly in society, as well as within sport itself encourages the continuance of violence against women especially by aggressive, hyper masculine, assertive male personas. In america this begins at a very young age, especially in large high schools that are competitive within their regions in sports. The Jock HAS TO THE DEEDED RIGHT TO CUTE CHEERLEADER (how is subservient to him, he gets her, not the other way around) Alternative POV ? - Boston Globe, Tom Keene 7/2/13. "The Myth about Crime and the NFL", citing the Chance Academic Journal (American Statistical Association) concluded that:The rate of arrests of pro athletes for assault and domestic violence was less than half that of the general population. Annotated Bibliography[edit] Sean Summers Comm 375 Annotated Bibliography March 4th 2015 Welch, M. "VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN BY PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL PLAYERS: A Gender Analysis of Hypermasculinity, Positional Status, Narcissism, and Entitlement." Journal of Sport & Social Issues 21.4 (1997): 392-411. Web. This journal piece by Welch highlights the psychological as well as the physiological forms of football and how those correlate with ideas of hypermasculinity, aggression, and dominance. For my purposes, this article directly supports the specific idea of male football players harming female victims during domestic disputes. It is evidence, demonstrating the possible off-field effects that can be incredibly dangerous and unlawful. Raney, Arthur A., and Jennings Bryant. Handbook of Sports and Media. Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates, 2006. Print This source will primarily connect with the idea that the football fellowship is an insinuator of domestic violence, specifically in the american household. The topic of television is brought up, which I believe is very relevant to this discussion. Arthur and Bryant talk about televisions role as a stimulator of violence. It is the medium through which people engage in football, and by virtue it brings the entry of aggression and other competitive behaviors into the household, which many like to imagine as a neutral place. Moser, Carrie A. Penalties, Fouls, and Erros: Professional Athletes and Violence Against Women. N.p.: n.p., 2004. Print. Here, another book source directly relates and strengthens my subject by directly outline and citing my incidences in which violence against women has occurred in sports. Her framework highlights similarities and tendencies that are also common in the NFL. I plan to draw from her insights, that relate to both specific players as well as the industry as a whole. Additionally this source contains legal rules and information regarding how the law works around sports and violence against women. ^ Jump up to: a b O'Hear, Michael (2001). "Blue-Collar Crimes/White-Collar Criminals: Sentencing Elite Athletes Who Commit Violent Crimes". Marquette Sports LawReview 12 (1): 429 Extra |pages= or |at= (help).