User:Smaiads/Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

ENPH 450 Draft
According to a 2020 systematic review on the international epidemiology of CJD:


 * Surveillance studies from 2005 and newer show the estimated global incidence is 1-2 cases per million population per year.
 * Sporadic CJD (sCJD) incidence increased from the years 1990-2018 in the UK.
 * Probable or definite sCJD deaths also increased from the years 1996-2018 in twelve additional countries.


 * CJD incidence is greatest in those over the age of 55 years old, with an average age of 67 years old.

The intensity of CJD surveillance increases the number of reported cases, often in countries where CJD epidemics have occurred in the past and where surveillance resources are greatest. An increase in surveillance and reporting of CJD is most likely in response to BSE and vCJD. Possible factors attributing to an increase of CJD incidence is due to an aging population, population increase, clinician awareness, and more accurate diagnosis methods. Since CJD symptoms are similar to other neurological conditions, it is also possible that CJD is mistaken for stroke, acute nephropathy, general dementia, and hyperparathyroidism.

According to the CDC:


 * Risk of developing CJD increases with age.
 * CJD incidence was 3.5 cases per million among those over 50 years of age between 1979-2017.
 * Approximately 85% of CJD cases are sporadic and 10-15% of CJD cases are due to inherited mutations of the prion protein gene.


 * CJD deaths and age-adjusted death rate in the United States indicates an increasing trend in the number of deaths between 1979-2017

Although not fully understood, additional information suggests that CJD rates in African American and nonwhite groups are lower than in whites. While the mean onset is approximately 67 years of age, cases of sCJD have been reported as young as 17 years and over 80 years of age. Mental capabilities rapidly deteriorate and the average amount of time from onset of symptoms to death is 7 to 9 months.

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