User:Smartin17/sandbox

Article 1: 2021 Hospital Crisis in the U.S. From COVID-19:

Staffing crisis[edit]
The surge of patients during the summer of 2021 has created a nurse staffing crisis, leading hospitals to pay above typical salaries. '''Nurses who have been the backbone of the world during the pandemic have had extra pressure to care for the overwhelming influx of positive COVID-19 patients in hospitals. The demand for nurses has grown exponentially leaving severe staff shortages in hospitals elevating the nurses stress levels.''' The leading causes are nurses quitting or retiring, due to becoming exhausted and demoralized by the crisis. In a hospital in Kentucky, for example, a doctor said she had to get a couple of nurses out of the hallway and into a room alone because they broke down in tears over their patients. "They just feel like there's no hope, and they were not even ICU nurses." In early September, all hospitals in Virginia were considered to be in a state of emergency, according to one doctor. While another stated:

Burnout:

'''The mental health factors like depression and anxiety are causing nurses to feel less satisfied with their field of work. A scholarly journals shared that “burnout is increasingly recognized as an occupational risk in nursing” One source addressed the issue of nurses' mental health and stress leading to surging rates of burnout with “more than 40% of hospital staff nurses score in the high range of work-related burnout”. Nurses revealed a spike in depression levels, anxiety, suicide, and damage to their overall wellbeing. These effects on nurses' mental health led to job dissatisfaction, burnout, and quitting. Exhaustion, workload, and death/dying were surveyed as the most frequent contributing factors to burnout across the board .'''

Article 2: Impact of COVID-19 on neurological, psychological, and other mental health outcomes:

Mental health symptoms in the general population and among health care providers[edit]
According to mental health experts, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused negative effects on people's mental health around the globe. These effects can manifest as increased anxiety and insecurity, greater fears, and discrimination.

Experts[who?] claim that changes to ones environment can cause large amounts of distress and insecurity. COVID-19 spreads rapidly which is why people feel more panic and anxiety. Additionally, anxiety and fear associated with infection can lead to discriminatory behaviors, which then lead to increasingly negative social behaviors, worsening mental health.

A study in South Africa reported high proportions of people who met the criteria for anxiety (46%) and depressive disorder (47%). Of these people, less than 20% consulted a formal health practitioner (i.e. 12% if they didn't have a pre-existing mental health condition). A '''study used a broader participant scope by including all healthcare workers in the participant sample finding that doctors had slightly higher rates of anxiety and depression. Kamberi’s study concludes that 34.1% of doctors specifically and 26.9% of nurses reported mild levels of anxiety While the larger representation showed health care workers expressed that 26.9% showed mild levels of anxiety and 35.2% expressed mild to moderate depression levels in all of the health care participants . Kamberi’s study shows that regardless of your medical field, all healthcare fields are susceptible to experience mental health concerns.'''

COVID-19 also impacts the mental health of health care providers. Doctors and nurses appear to experience similar rates of mental health challenges with high rates of anxiety (40-45%), depression (12-30%), moderate and severe insomnia (62% and 27%, respectively). Health care workers also frequently exhibit symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (14%). In general, about 50% of health care workers exhibit some form of negative emotions. '''A cross-sectional study determined the stress levels and presence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms in nurses. The results of Leng’s study showed 5.6% of nurses exhibited significant PTSD symptoms and 22% scored positively on stress levels. The researchers admit significant changes were not seen in stress or PTSD levels as expected indicating disagreement. This study that disclosed a significant link between nursing and mental health specifically PTSD was not shown. Despite this, the journal mentioned other similar studies that discovered far stronger correlations and believed a correlation to still be true.'''

'''Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is not the only serious complication coming arising in the nursing field. A journal investigated a relationship with suicide rates in nursing finding “elevated suicide rates for nurses compared with other, non-healthcare providers”'''

PTSD paragraph contradicts Wiki info

Article 3: Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers:

Shortage of PPEs[edit]
Shortcomings of personal protective equipment have been reported from several countries. In China, inadequate staff training, shortage of PPEs, reduced understanding of PPE use and confused PPE guidance have resulted in infections and deaths among healthcare workers.

In the United States, many hospitals have reported a shortage of PPE for hospital staff. As COVID-19 cases increase, it is suggested that the United States will need far more surgical masks than they currently have. '''One unique study used a qualitative style of research by conducting interviews to record nurses’ feedback on staff shortages, long hours, and uncooperative patients. One profound participant responded, “I am not able to sleep at all and even if I do then by that time it is already time to wake up” . The nurses have been overworked by having to fill in for staff shortages on top of the more demanding working conditions. Another response read, “wearing PPE was the most troublesome. No food or water for 12 h” . PPE accessibility varied in many countries, but all countries faced similar shortages.'''

The shortage of PPE has put many healthcare workers at risks for getting infected with COVID-19. Healthcare workers have created unconventional solutions to make up for the lack of PPE by using the resources they do have in stock. Healthcare workers have definitely had to get creative when it comes to PPE! They have used plastic bags as gowns and plastic water bottle cutouts for eye protection. The shortage of PPE is even worse for hospitals in low income communities. Items such as PPE have always been scare commodities in low income countries. UICEF reported that the organization was only able to acquire one tenth of the 240 million masks requested by these communities.

Article 4: Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on hospitals:

Add new heading, Malaysia:

'''Nurses are facing job dissatisfaction which increases their likelihood to quit and find a new career. Malaysia showed dramatic burnout rates where the “turnover rate increased by more than 50% between 2005 and 2010”'''

Add new heading, Albania:

'''The lack of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), staff shortages, fear for personal safety, and work in isolated environments led nurses' mental health to diminish. in Albania, the PPE shortages within hospitals leave nurses feeling unsafe and fearful when working supported in Kamberi’s study with 63.3% of nurses agreed with the statement, “I am worried about inadequate personal protective equipment for healthcare personnel (PPE)” Nursing staffing shortages have been a huge problem recently as “less than 50% reported ‘sufficient’ to ‘very sufficient’ staffing levels”. Nurses who were assigned too many patients for a shift left them overwhelmed and unable to provide proper individual care. The pandemic has caused a higher stress working environment and its effects on the nurse’s health have emerged.'''

Article 5: International Nurses Day:

Add a new Heading:

Why Should our Nurses be Celebrated:

Nurses are a critical component to our health care system by providing care and treatment to patients.

What Makes Nursing a Hard Occupation?

'''Nurses face stressful working environments with a demanding workload, brutal long shifts, and alarming staff shortages have taken a toll on nurse’s mental health. Higher rates of fatigue, sleep problems, depressive disorders like PTSD, and anxiety emerged.'''

Article 6: Mental Health during the COVID-19 pandemic:

For healthcare workers


 * Feeling under pressure is normal during the times of a crisis. Managing one's mental health is as important as managing physical health.
 * Follow coping strategies, ensure sufficient rest, eat good food, engage in physical activity, avoid using tobacco, alcohol, or drugs. Use the coping strategies that have previously worked for you under stressful situations.
 * If one is experiencing avoidance by the family or the community, stay connected with loved ones, including digital methods.
 * Use understandable ways to share messages to people with disabilities.
 * Know how to link people affected with COVID-19 with available resources.
 * Technology (online counseling) can provide physiological support in order to reduce the risk of insomnia, anxiety, and depression/burnout.
 * Nurses face higher rates of fatigue, sleep problems, depressive disorders like PTSD, and anxiety emerged
 * COVID-19 led to PPE shortages within hospitals leaving nurses feeling unsafe and fearful when working. Supported in Kamberi’s study with 63.3% of nurses agreed with the statement, “I am worried about inadequate personal protective equipment for healthcare personnel (PPE)”
 * Nurses expressed elevated levels of stress, especially those that are working directly with COVID-19 patients. Hands-on direct patient care towards the sick patients creates a high level of risk perception for the nurses. Nurses who received the COVID-19 vaccine were far less fatigued than those who had yet to receive it. Nurses who did not work on the frontline exhibited lower levels of depression. On the other hand, nurses working with patients who tested positive for COVID-19 were more vulnerable to levels of anxiety, depression, and distress.

References:

Dang P, Grover N, Srivastava P, Chahal S, Aggarwal A, Dhiman V, Kaloiya GS. A qualitative study of the psychological experiences of health care workers during the COVID 19 pandemic. Indian J Soc Psychiatry 2021;37:93-7 https://doi.org/10.4103/ijsp.ijsp_181_20

Davidson, J. E., Stuck, A. R. , Zisook, S. & Proudfoot, J. (2018). Testing a Strategy to Identify Incidence of Nurse Suicide in the United States. JONA: The Journal of Nursing Administration, 48 (5), 259-265. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNA.0000000000000610.

Kamberi, F., Sinaj, E., Jaho, J., Subashi, B., Sinanaj, G., Jaupaj, K., Stramarko, Y., Arapi, P., Dine, L., Gurguri, A., Xhindoli, J., Bucaj, J., Serjanaj, L.A., Marzo, R., & Htay, M.N. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health, risk perception and coping strategies among health care workers in Albania - evidence that needs attention. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100824.

Labrague L. J. (2021). Pandemic fatigue and clinical nurses' mental health, sleep quality and job contentment during the covid-19 pandemic: The mediating role of resilience. Journal of nursing management, 10.1111/jonm.13383. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13383

Leng, M, Wei, L, Shi, X, et al. Mental distress and influencing factors in nurses caring for patients with COVID-19. Nurs Crit Care. 2021; 26: 94– 101. https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.12528

Ohue, T., Aryamuang, S., Bourdeanu, L., Church, J. N., Hassan, H., Kownaklai, J., Pericak, A., & Suwannimitr, A. (2021). Cross-national comparison of factors related to stressors, burnout and turnover among nurses in developed and developing countries. Nursing open, 8(5), 2439–2451. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.1002