User:Smorgas22/sandbox

1660–1722: The end of illustrated manuscripts
With the emergence of Ali Qoli Djebbeh Dar and Muhammad Zaman, two very Europeanistic painters, the role of the illustrated book in the art of the book declined still further. A great activity of calligraphy and illumination was put into practice, with a true regrowth of interest for the former and an abundant style, very fine and rich in plant elements for the second.

Astrolabes
'''The device was incredibly useful, and sometime during the 10th century it was brought to Europe from the Muslim world, where it inspired Latin scholars to take up a vested interest in both math and astronomy. Although we know much about the tool, many of the functions of the device have become lost to history. Although there are many surviving instruction manuals, historians have come to the conclusion that there are more functions of specialized astrolabes that we do not know of. One example of this is an astrolabe created by Nasir al-Din al-Tusi in Aleppo in the year 1328/29 C.E. This particular astrolabe was special and is hailed by historians as the "most sophisticated astrolabe ever made", being known to have five distinct universal uses.'''

'''The largest function of the astrolabe is it serves as a portable model of space that can calculate the approximate location of any heavenly body found within the solar system at any point in time, provided the latitude of the observer is accounted for. In order to adjust for latitude, astrolabes often had a secondary plate on top of the first, which the user could swap out to account for their correct latitude. One of the most useful features of the device is that that the projection created allows users to calculate and solve mathematical problems graphically which could otherwise be done only by using complex spherical trigonometry, allowing for earlier access to great mathematical feats.'''

Early Islam
'''There is a popular misconception that the teachings of the Islamic faith interfered with the advancement of the sciences, but much of Early Islam's history shows evidence of a cooperative and productive relationship between both their faith and sciences. Specifically, Islamicate scientists took an early interest in Astronomy, as the concept of keeping time accurately was important for performing the five daily prayers that are central in the practice of the faith. These five prayers had to be conducted at specific times during the day, and much evidence exists which shows that early Islamicate scientists also constructed astronomical tables used specifically to determine the exact times of prayer for specific locations around the continent, serving effectively as an early system for Time Zones.'''

Doubts on Ptolemy
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'''Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, the creator of the Tusi Couple, also worked heavily to expose the problems present in Ptolmy's work. In 1261, Tusi published his Tadkhira, which contained 16 fundamental problems he found with Ptolmaic astronomy, and by doing this, set off a chain of Islamic scholars that would attempt to solve these problems. Scholars such as Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, Ibn al-Shatir, and Shams al-Din al-Khafri all worked to produce new models for solving Tusi's 16 Problems, and the models they worked to create would become widely adopted by astronomers for use in their own works.'''