User:Snazzyricotta/Ottoman illumination/Bibliography

Sims - "The Art of Illumination in Islamic Manuscripts"


 * manuscript illustration and manuscript decoration or illumination were two distinct practices, carried out by different artists, as evidenced by the differing titles for those who illustrated manuscripts vs. decorated/illuminated them (muzahhib: Arabic term for 'the gilder')
 * characteristics of Ottoman illuminated manuscripts include pages or panels of non-figural decorative patterns, often geometric or vegetal
 * Manuscripts influenced by the artistic styles of the Jalayirid Dynasty often feature sparse calligraphy in Kufic script. Compositions often feature larger and more repetitive curvilinear forms.

Tanindi - "The Art of Illumination in the Ottomans"

Onat - "Islamic Art of Illumination"
 * Manuscripts of the Qur'an as well as literary and historical works were illuminated in palace workshops and private artists' workshops in cities in the Middle Ages and afterwards - illuminated manuscripts were generally only accessible to sultans and rich people because of the high cost of their materials
 * the design of illumination is influenced by the text; copies of the Qur'an from the Ottoman period in the 14th and 16th centuries feature fully decorated/illuminated opening pages, with illumination surrounding the text block like a frame on subsequent pages
 * levha (plate) illumination: term for the full ornamentation of a manuscript's opening pages
 * koltuk: term for the addition of a rectangular illumination added on both sides of the text of two suras


 * Classical Islamic art of illumination combines knowledge and techniques from Turkish, Persian, and Arabic traditions. It was central to the traditional arts of the Ottoman Turks, who developed a style of illumination distinct from other traditions
 * Tazhib: 'gilding'; Arabic term referring to the decoration of a work by using gold and earth-based paints
 * illumination techniques were used to decorate manuscripts of the Qur'an as well as decorative papers, book covers, carpets, textiles, ceramics, glass and wood panels, metal works, and architectural surfaces
 * Classical Turkish Tazhib:
 * During time of Seljuk Turks (13th and 14th centuries), illumination featured geometric designs. Many illuminated manuscripts were produced in adornment workshops
 * 16th century: appearance of Classical Turkish illumination - illumination also started to be used in mediums other than manuscripts, such as weaving and ceramics
 * age of Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent (1520-1566): 'golden age' for the art of illumination
 * Schools of illumination art
 * Halkar (gilding) style
 * Sazyolu (reed) style
 * Turkish Rococo
 * Classic illumination
 * common motifs and figures
 * leaves
 * stems
 * gonca (bud)
 * Khatai (floral motif)
 * Panch (five-pointed foliation)
 * spirals
 * Bulut (cloud) motifs
 * Rumi
 * geometric motifs
 * Munhani (curved) motifs
 * Shukufa (naturalist flower) motifs
 * Zarafshan (scattering gold)
 * Tigh (needle-pointed) motif
 * Karamemi
 * Common forms used in illumination
 * Shamsa
 * Hilya
 * Kit'a
 * Ottoman Ferman (edict)
 * Sultan's Tughra (insignia)