User:Sneha.s.mehta/sandbox

Area

 * Poverty in India (C class)
 * Standard of Living in India (Start Class)
 * Dharavi (Start Class)
 * Poverty alleviation Programmes in India (C Class)
 * Family Planning in India (Start Class)
 * clean up to make more encyclopedic in nature
 * find more about the impacts of the programs described

Sector

 * Reproductive rights
 * Sexual & Reproductive Health and Rights (C Class)
 * Reproductive Health (Start-C Class)

Family Planning in India

 * the intro feels like it is already advocating for family planning
 * "women are not being fully educated on contraception usage and what are putting in their bodies" This sentence can be rephrased to be more objective.
 * "the above table clearly indicates..." there is no table included in the article so this sentence is probably plagiarized
 * could deeper into the impacts of the family planning programs described

Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights

 * needs more elaboration on sexual health than just a definition. Perhaps the history and development of sexual health awareness and treatment
 * most sections in the article focus only on definitions of each concept. It should elaborate more deeply on the history and development of the four sectors and how they came to be intertwined. Also what was the reason/impact for intertwining them?

Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights
Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights: A Useful Discourse for Feminist Analysis and Activism? Sexual and reproductive health: a matter of life and death Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health in Developing Countries: An Overview of Trends and Interventions
 * The article explores the connections between second-wave feminism and developments in sexual and reproductive health and rights
 * As these two movements are intricately linked, I believe that this topic would give valuable insight to the Wikipedia article.
 * The article begins by describing how SRHR was not included in the Millennium Development Goals, despite being necessary to achieve Goals 3, 4, and 5. It describes reasons why it needs to be addressed
 * The article gives a detailed overview of the different aspects that make up SRHR and how they are/need to be addressed. This would be good to include as a foundation of SRHR.
 * describes programs used to improve adolescent sexual health and their impacts
 * would be important to include in a section on how SRHR is being improved

https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1016/j.ijgo.2009.03.053

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014067360669483X

https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1016/j.ijgo.2009.03.025

http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/095624789400600208

https://www.popline.org/node/288047

http://www.jahonline.org/article/S1054-139X(14)00428-5/abstract

Family Planning in India
Infant Mortality, Population Growth and Family Planning in India Ultramodern contraception: Social class and family planning in India Family Planning in India: The Outlook for 2000 AD
 * book describing the history of family planning and associated issues in twentieth century India
 * Although the book was originally published in 1972, the most recent edition of it was published in 2011, so it should be valid and valuable information regarding the history of India's family planning services and issues.
 * Examines the intersection between tradition and modernity with respect to forms of birth control and contraception
 * Would be important to include information about the evolution of family planning in the article
 * Examines the achievements and failures of the family planning movement in India, especially in terms of population control
 * Would be interesting to note the reasons behind the family planning movement in India, and what the goals of the movement are

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1741-2005.1962.tb00847.x

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00324728.1963.10405749

http://www.jstor.org/stable/2644186?casa_token=AW1IAKOjwZgAAAAA:TeRzSbnpZmpyk9xqMbh7ZrjyIzpdvzmaaGIiA0xZ-m2qYn7NRQ6KbrdUtDp6rP5uf4T63oAEyNUV--WnJKDFNgCPYaalW4CD1LDMUdLGg74YMneLGgMR&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/3749

http://www.jstor.org/stable/2991871?casa_token=wr-5RrgwnQgAAAAA:kYdRQk0jOYKc22fhghdJST_8sRaDrQsby6EXmplBiELNUcaLel7ZFDKnPjydRYK0BmSSIJgzvEdiY_okQCJ6NXxArV0b1wJuWuvR1O79drlcQzikNI8o&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01849328

Family Planning in India: The Outlook for 2000AD

 * History of birth control/family planning movement
 * birth control became an urgent issue early in the 20th century
 * "advocacy for birth control movement began in early 20th century"
 * "first government-run birth control clinic in the world opened in 1930"
 * programs grew out of the urgent necessity to curb population growth
 * government outlined five guiding principles for the nationwide family planning program
 * "the community must be prepared to feel the need for the services in order that, when provided, these may be accepted
 * parents alone must decide the number of children they want and their obligations towards them
 * people should be approached through the media they respect and their recognized and trusted leaders and without off-ending their religious and moral values and susceptibilities
 * services should be made available to the people as near to their doorsteps as possible
 * services have greater relevance and effectiveness if made an integral part of medical and public health services and especially of maternal and child health programs"
 * network of family planning clinics established
 * Family planning in the late 20th century
 * large network of family planning clinics serving both urban and rural populations in India
 * "emphasis on condom as conventional birth control" (given free at clinics and and highly subsidized at retail clinics). Also provided sterilizations and IUD insertions
 * "people are 'motivated' to accept family planning through disincentives including withdrawn maternity leave to non-industrial employees"
 * Program Accomplishments
 * program aimed to reduce birth rate to 25 per 1000 by the end of the 1970s. However, they remained at 38-39 per 1000 in 1970-1971
 * Program Weaknesses
 * goals and policies were not based on scientific data
 * population growth was seen as a single issue rather than as a problem in a web of other social and economic problems facing the country
 * believed that techniques and motivators that applied to urban communities could also apply to rural areas

==== From Family Planning to Reproductive Health: Challenges Facing India ====


 * in 1951 India was the first country in the developing world to create a state-sponsored family planning program
 * goals: lowering fertility and slowing population growth
 * overall fertility rate decreased from 6.4-6.6 births per woman in 1970s to 3.4 births per woman in mid-1990s

==== Thirty Years of Family Planning in India ====


 * FPP took the form of a series of five year plans
 * family planning was made a priority in order to curb population growth as a means to speed up economic progress and industrialization
 * First Five Year Plan (1951-1956)
 * after WWII and Partition, focus was on economic growth
 * FPP established in order to curb the population boom that occurs with rapid industrialization
 * Main Goals: study reproductive patterns, attitudes, and motivations; provide birth-control information through existing hospitals and health centers
 * recommended form of birth control = rhythm method as the Indian minister of health (Raj Kumari Amrit Kaur) did not approve of the use of contraceptives
 * Second Five-Year Plan (1956-1961)
 * increased spending
 * more emphasis on building clinics especially in rural areas
 * Third Five-Year Plan (1961-1966)
 * increased budget
 * new methods of birth control emphasized (IUD and sterilization)
 * The Plan Holiday (1966-1969)
 * launch of the largest and most extensive government-sponsored family-planning program in the world under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi with the aim of reducing birth rates from 41 per 1000 to 25 or 20 by the mid-1970s
 * sterilization became the government birth control of choice with second preferences on IUDs and condoms.
 * The Fourth Five-Year Plan (1969-1974)
 * continued strategies from the plan holiday
 * birth rate fell to 35 per 1000 and persisted
 * The Fifth Five-Year Plan (1974-1979)
 * economic growth had successfully progressed but had failed to improve living conditions for the masses
 * goals of the fifth five-year plan was to distribute the impacts of economic growth more equitably, and a result, family planning became more rigorous
 * states were assigned sterilization quotas; some states made sterilization compulsory after two or three children
 * Impacts of the program
 * the aggressive sterilization campaign eventually proved to be a failure and resulted in animosity towards Indira Gandhi's government

==== Reproductive health in India ====


 * Impacts of NFPP
 * averted about 168 million births
 * birthrates, maternal/infant morbidity ad mortality rates remain high
 * unsafe abortions continue
 * little information on prevalence of STDs
 * most common form of family planning = female and male sterilization
 * modern methods are less well-known/common (pills, IUDs, injectibles, and condoms)

==== Adolescent Reproductive and Sexual Health in India: The Need to Focus ====


 * adolescents are especially at risk for complications as a result of sexual activity, including pregnancy, maternal and infant mortality, sexually transmitted disease, reproductive tract infections, and HIV
 * are often overlooked because considered to be a healthy group
 * most sexual activities begin in adolescence
 * high rates of child marriage still exist, especially in rural areas (closely correlated with socioeconomic status and geography). Also closely associated with high rates of illiteracy, ignorance, and poverty, so young mothers are more likely to take poorer care of their children.
 * comprehensive care for adolescents is needed (including nutrition counseling, health education, delaying age of marriage, and family planning)
 * in urban environments and other areas of affluence, major reproductive problems such as menstrual irregularities and hirsutism as a result of lifestyle choices, increasing insulin resistance, and increased rates of polycystic ovarian disease and diabetes
 * Adolescent Reproductive and Sexual Health: The Way Forward
 * adolescents are less likely to visit health facilities than older age groups. This is often due to a lack of care specially catering to adolescents who often feel like they have aged out of pediatric services but isolated by adults
 * needs a multidimensional approach to address adolescent health needs
 * Role of Parents: parental pressure can create psychological problems that lead to premarital sex and risky behaviors
 * Role of Teachers: adolescents spend a large portion of their time in schools so teachers and other faculty can play an influential role in their health
 * Role of community: proper psychological environment can prevent risk-taking, unsafe sex, and the spread of STIs and HIV
 * Role of Healthcare Providers: need adolescent-friendly health services including counseling
 * Government of India Initiative in Improving Adolescent Health
 * under the domain of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and the Department of Health and Family Welfare of the states
 * National Population Policy 2000 aims to ensure that the adolescent need for information, counseling, population education, and contraceptives are met
 * The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), the Government of India's (GOI) flagship program has made Adolescent Reproductive and Sexual Health (ARSH) a top priority
 * three pronged approach to improving the health of young people
 * building awareness among communities, creating a conducive environment for service delivery, and providing a comprehensive package of services to young people
 * strategy focuses on reorganizing the existing public health system to enable it to meed the needs of adolescents

==== Reproductive health, and child health and nutrition in India: Meeting the Challenge ====


 * 2005 began the National Rural Health Mission
 * coverage of priority interventions remains insufficient
 * unmet need for contraception, adolescent pregnancies common, access to safe abortion inadequate
 * pace of improvement is sloe and falls short of the Millennium Development Goals
 * underlying cause of insufficient progress is weak health systems
 * Causes of Maternal and Child Mortality
 * as of 2016, the infant mortality rate is 34.6 per 1000 livebirths and as of 2015, maternal mortality is 174 per 100,000 live births
 * leading causes of maternal mortality = hemorrhage, sepsis, complications of abortion, and hypertensive disorders
 * leading causes of infant mortality = infection, premature birth, birth asphyxia, pneumonia, and diarrhea

==== National Rural Health Mission ====


 * objective = to provide accessible, affordable, accountable, effective, and reliable health care especially to poor and vulnerable sections of the population in rural areas
 * Key strategies: creation of ASHAs (Accredited Social Health Activist) which would be trained female voluntary community health workers

History of the Family Planning Movement
The issues concerning India's booming population became strongly evident early in the twentieth century. As a result, unlike in many other countries, the birth control movement was not born out of concerns for women's rights, but for the practical reason of curbing the rapidly expanding population. Five guiding principles were outlined for the formation of the nationwide family planning program: Government-run services were rolled out soon after. The first government-run birth control clinic in the world opened in India in 1930 and a network of family planning clinics, in both urban and rural areas, was established soon after. By the late twentieth century, clinics focused on non-invasive forms of birth control, such as condoms, as the convention, but also provided more invasive procedures such as IUD implants and sterilizations. Government policies were also changed in order to discourage large families, including withdrawing maternity leave for certain employees.
 * 1) "The community must be prepared to feel the need for the services in order that, when provided, these may be accepted
 * 2) Parents alone must decide the number of children they want and their obligations towards them
 * 3) People should be approached through the media they respect and their recognized and trusted leaders and without off-ending their religious and moral values and susceptibilities
 * 4) Services should be made available to the people as near to their doorsteps as possible
 * 5) Services have greater relevance and effectiveness if made an integral part of medical and public health services and especially of maternal and child health programs"

This program proved to be largely unsuccessful in accomplishing its goals. The aim had been to reduce the countrywide birth rate to 25 births per 1000 people by the end of the 1970s. However, in 1971, the rates remained at 38-39 per 1000. This failure has been attributed to a number of the program's weaknesses including the development of policies and goals not based on scientific data, the consideration of population growth, the consideration of population growth as a single issue rather than as a part of a web of other social and economic issues facing the country, and the belief that techniques and motivators that applied to urban communities could also apply to rural areas.

Sexual and reproductive health and rights: a useful discourse for feminist analysis and activism

 * "second wave feminism mobilized around rights to abortion, access to safe contraceptives, better polices and laws to address rape, domestic violence and the eradication of female genital mutilation"
 * "in order for women to realize sexual and reproductive rights, international and national state and non-state actors need to play a critical role"
 * "discourse on sexual and reproductive health first emerged in mid-1980s as a result of struggles against rape, domestic violence, access to safe and effective contraceptives, and safe motherhood"
 * "it is testimony to feminist movements globally that sexual and reproductive health and rights discourses have been integrated to varying extents within many social justice movements and are increasingly integrated into global and national policy frameworks, especially those relating to gender equality and health"
 * discussion of health usually depoliticizes the concepts
 * Mainstream Views on SRHR
 * "SRHR can be understood as the right for all...to make choices regarding their own sexuality and reproduction, providing these respect the rights of others to bodily integrity"
 * "views may have a heterosexist bias, may favor men, and do not necessarily focus on women esp marginalized women"
 * "UN agrees that sexual health refers to a state of physical, emotional, mental and social well-being in relation to sexuality – and is not merely the absence of disease, dysfunction or infirmity. Sexual health requires a positive and respectful approach to sexuality and sexual relationships, as well as the possibility of having pleasurable and safe sexual experiences, free of coercion, discrimination and violence."
 * sexual rights "include the right of all people to have to highest attainable standard of sexual health including the right to access sexual health care services; seek, receive and impart information related to sexuality; positive and inclusive sexuality education; respect for bodily integrity; be able to choose their partner(s); decide to be sexually active or not; have consensual sexual relations; decide when, if, and whom to marry; deice whether or not, and when, to have children, and pursue a satisfying, safe, and pleasurable sexual life"
 * how do feminist definitions of these terms and concepts differ
 * "feminist activism around sexual and reproductive rights comes from a starting point of patriarchy - and and understanding of the function of sex, sexuality, and reproduction in upholding an unequal and oppressive society"
 * what is on the mainstream agenda
 * mainstream agenda is shaped by MDGs
 * reduce maternal mortality (set in UN MDGs)
 * "achieve universal access to healthcare in general, including ensuring that more women access antenatal care, reducing inequalities in pregnancy care, and expanding access to, and use of, different contraceptives for women"
 * mainstream agenda appears to be very focused on a few specific topics
 * ex: UN is pushing to tackle the issues of maternal mortality and HIV but not provisions of safe abortions
 * what's not in the agenda
 * no efforts being made to directly impact or change the power inequalities between men and women which are at the root of sexual and reproductive issues

Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health in Developing Countries


 * young people are disproportionately affected by HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa
 * Ways to improve you education about SRHR
 * in school
 * due to lack of funding, community programs have to focus on HIV prevention rather than on comprehensive sexual and reproductive health education
 * misses those who are not in school
 * at home
 * parents themselves are often ill-educated about issues surrounding sexual and reproductive health
 * Issues
 * Early marriage and sexual activity
 * girls married early are more at risk of contracting HIV from older male partners who have often had multiple sexual partners
 * adolescent sexual activity increases risk of exposure to STIs and unwanted pregnancy, and unwanted/nonconsentual sex
 * Adolescent Contraceptive Use and Pregnancy
 * "in many developing countries, particularly Sub-Saharan Africa, women's gender identities and social status are ties to motherhood and childlessness is highly stigmatized"
 * contraception use is low amongst adolecents
 * adolescent high-risk behaviors and HIV
 * women less likely to engage in high-risk behaviors than men
 * condom use increasing but not sufficient enough levels to reduce the spread of HIV
 * enhancing communication: evidence from interventions
 * future steps in research and programs
 * need to target those who are both in school and out of school
 * research on parent-child communication, especially in regards to what information is being passed, how it is conveyed, and how it is understood by the child
 * "programs need to go beyond HIV and focus on broader topics in sexual and reproductive health"
 * education needs to be gender-sensitive and "empower adolescents, particularly young women, to negotiate behavior on the basis of accurate information"

Sexual and Reproductive Health: A matter of life and death

 * fourth International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) recognized the reproductive and sexual needs and rights of individuals, and called for universal access to sexual and reproductive health services by 2015
 * MDGs omitted sexual and reproductive health even though it is closely associated with three of the goals
 * unsafe sex is the second most important risk factor leading to disability or death in the poorest communities and the ninth most important in developed countries
 * large unmet needs for contraceptives, especially in the developing world
 * pregnancy complications and unsafe abortions are a large cause of maternal mortality. Most of these issues are preventable
 * "adolescents are especially vulnerable to sexual and reproductive ill health as they often have unexpected sex and find access to services difficult or denied"
 * violence against women is common, a major cause of ill health, and a consequence and cause of gender inequality
 * FGM is associated with obstetric morbidity and an increased risk of stillbirth and early neonatal death
 * although a major cause of morbidity and mortality, sexual and reproductive health has been neglected. The increasing effect of conservative political, religious, and cultural forces threatens to undermined progress made since ICPD
 * ICPD agreed to 20 year plan to improve sexual and reproductive health, foster reproductive rights, and stabilize the global population
 * reflected growing awareness that population, poverty, health, education, patterns of production and consumption, and environment are all linked (social determinants)
 * signified a significant shift in attitude towards population growth
 * another major

=
International Conference on Population and Development =====


 * held in Cairo from Sept 5-13 1994. Produced Program of Action document
 * 173 nations in attendance
 * focused on issues surrounding reproductive health
 * could not establish universal right to abortion due to debates on religious grounds that broke out during the conference
 * marked a shift of the debate on contraception from that of morals to that of public health
 * a change in regarding sexual and reproductive health from a private, moral issue to that of public health and human rights
 * central theme = free choice including "the basic right of all couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing, and timing of their children and have the information and means to do so"
 * sexual health began to be regarded as a vector of personal relations and emotional wellness in addition to reproduction and physical health
 * focus shifted from family planning to overall reproductive health
 * women's empowerment strongly stated
 * Reproductive Health
 * providing contraceptive services alone has not been successful in reducing fertility levels. Family planning must be accompanied by broader reproductive health services
 * call for universal access to healthcare, including reproductive health care which includes family planning and sexual health
 * need access to comprehensive and factual information and broad reproductive healthcare which should be accessible, affordable, acceptable, and convenient
 * "Sexual Rights" were initially included in the draft document but was omitted in the final product as some will still unwilling to include all sexual behaviors under the protected rights
 * Empowerment of Women
 * empowerment of women, elimination of violence against women, gender equality and equity, and women's ability to control their own fertility deemed imperative to population and development
 * calls for full and equal participation of women in civil, cultural, economic, political and social life, and elimination of all sex discrimination
 * provision of economic and educational opportunities for women, improving their health, and alleviating the overburden of their work including housework and child-rearing

=
Twenty Years After International Conference on Population and Development: Where Are We With Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights =====


 * ICPD called for nations to meed the educational and service needs of adolescents in terms of reproductive health
 * at ICPD, governments realized the importance of investing in health of adolescents is important not only for their well-being but for the future well-being of societies
 * Commission on Population and Development in 2012 created a resolution outlining fundamental rights for adolescents in terms of their own health: the right of young people to comprehensive sex education, to decide on all matters related to their sexuality, access to sexual and reproductive health services, including safe abortion where legal, that respect confidentiality and do not discriminate, and the protection of young people's right to control their sexuality free from violence, discrimination and coercion.

==== ICPD to MDGs: Missing Links and common grounds ====

Possible Topics

 * Goals and Objectives/Target Issues
 * History
 * interventions?

Look Up

 * ICPD
 * relationship with feminism

History of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights
Government-run family planning programs first began in the 1950s. However, the main objectives of these programs were often centered around population control for economic growth and development. In 1994, the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo, Egypt marked a significant shift in perspective in regards to reproductive health and is considered to be the birth of the modern SRHR movement. Over the course of the conference, debates surrounding family planning shifted from that of economics to that of public health and human rights. A Program of Action (PoA) was developed by the end of the ICPD and was approved and adopted by 179 countries. The PoA affirmed sexual and reproductive health as a universal human right and outlined global goals and objectives for improving reproductive heath based around central themes of free choice, women's empowerment, and viewing sexual and reproductive health in terms of physical and emotional well-being. The PoA outlined a series of goals, based on a central mission of achieving universal access to reproductive health worldwide, that were aimed to be accomplished by 2015. In 2000, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were developed, and although reproductive health was not explicitly stated as one of the goals, it became an important component to Goals 3, 4, and 5. In 2010, the original PoA was revisited by the United Nations and updated to reflect their objective of achieving universal reproductive health care by 2015. When the MDGs and ICPD PoA phased out in 2015, the next objectives for SRHR were folded into the Sustainable Development Goals, the next iteration of the MDGs which outline objectives to combat poverty through 2030.

Goals, Objectives, and Target Issues
Despite frequent changes to frameworks, overall goals for SRHR remain little changed. As first stipulated at the ICPD, universal reproductive health care remains the ultimate objective, and with each new framework, targets are developed to progress towards this. In the original ICPD Program of Action, the primary call was for universal access to healthcare, including reproductive healthcare, family planning and sexual health. Over time, these have expanded to include the right to access education regarding sexual and reproductive health, an end to female genital mutilation, and increased women's empowerment in social, political, and cultural spheres.

Special goals and targets were also created to address adolescent sexual and reproductive health needs. Adolescents are often the most vulnerable to risks associated with sexual activity, including HIV, due to personal and social issues such as feelings of isolation, child marriage, and stigmatization. Governments realized the importance of investing in the health of adolescents as a means of establishing future well-being for their societies. As a result, the Commission on Population and Development developed a series of fundamental rights for adolescents including the right to comprehensive sex education, the right to decide all matters related to their sexuality, and access to sexual and reproductive health services without discrimination (including safe abortions wherever legal).

History of Family Planning Programs
In 1951, India became the first country in the developing world to create a state-sponsored family planning program, the National Family Planning Program. The program's primary goals were to lower fertility rates and slow population growth through work based on five guiding principles:


 * 1) "The community must be prepared to feel the need for the services in order that, when provided, these may be accepted
 * 2) Parents alone must decide the number of children they want and their obligations towards them
 * 3) People should be approached through the media they respect and their recognized and trusted leaders and without off-ending their religious and moral values and susceptibilities
 * 4) Services should be made available to the people as near to their doorsteps as possible
 * 5) Services have greater relevance and effectiveness if made an integral part of medical and public health services and especially of maternal and child health programs"

The program was tied to a series of five year plans aimed at economic growth and restructuring which were carried out over 28 years, from 1951 to 1979. Over the course of this period, preferred birth control methods shifted from the rhythm method eventually to a focus on sterilization and IUDs.

Over the course of the program, family planning in India resulted in a 19.9% decrease in birth rate where it has since stagnated at 35 births per 1000 persons. By 1996, the program had been estimated to have averted 16.8 crore births. This is due in part to government intervention which established many clinics as well as the enforcement of fines for those who avoided family planning. Additionally, there was high variance between regions in the use of family planning. However, maternal and infant morbidity and mortality rates remain high along with the number of unsafe abortions, and little is known about the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases.

Modern Initiatives in Reproductive Health
See Also: Women's Health in India

Moving into the twenty-first century, progress on reproductive health and family planning has been limited. As of 2016, India's infant mortality rate is 34.6 per 1000 livebirths, and as of 2015, maternal mortality sits at 174 per 100,000 livebirths. Leading causes of maternal mortality include hemorrhage, sepsis, complications of abortion, and hypertensive disorders, and infection, premature birth, birth asphyxia, pneumonia, and diarrhea for infants. In 2005, the Government of India established the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) in effort to address some of these issues amongst others. The objective of the NRHM includes the provision of effective healthcare to rural areas, especially to poor and vulnerable populations. Through the NRHM, special provisions have been made to address concerns for reproductive health, especially for adolescents who are more likely to participate in risky sexual behaviors and less likely to visit health facilities than adults. Ultimately, the NRHM aims to push India towards the Millennium Development Goal targets for reproductive health and child health and nutrition.

History of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights
Government-run family planning programs first began in the 1950s. However, the main objectives of these programs were often centered around population control for economic growth and development. In 1994, the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo, Egypt marked a significant shift in perspective in regards to reproductive health and is considered to be the birth of the modern SRHR movement. Over the course of the conference, debates surrounding family planning shifted from that of economics to that of public health and human rights. A Program of Action (PoA) was developed by the end of the ICPD and was approved and adopted by 179 countries. The PoA affirmed sexual and reproductive health as a universal human right and outlined global goals and objectives for improving reproductive heath based around central themes of free choice, women's empowerment, and viewing sexual and reproductive health in terms of physical and emotional well-being. The PoA outlined a series of goals, based on a central mission of achieving universal access to reproductive health worldwide, that were aimed to be accomplished by 2015. In 2000, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were developed, and although reproductive health was not explicitly stated as one of the goals, it became an important component to Goals 3, 4, and 5. In 2010, the original PoA was revisited by the United Nations and updated to reflect their objective of achieving universal reproductive health care by 2015. When the MDGs and ICPD PoA phased out in 2015, the next objectives for SRHR were folded into the Sustainable Development Goals, the next iteration of the MDGs which outline objectives to combat poverty through 2030.

Goals, Objectives, and Target Issues
Despite frequent changes to frameworks, overall goals for SRHR remain little changed. As first stipulated at the ICPD, universal reproductive health care remains the ultimate objective, and with each new framework, targets are developed to progress towards this. In the original ICPD Program of Action, the primary call was for universal access to healthcare, including reproductive healthcare, family planning and sexual health. Over time, these have expanded to include the right to access education regarding sexual and reproductive health, an end to female genital mutilation, and increased women's empowerment in social, political, and cultural spheres.

Special goals and targets were also created to address adolescent sexual and reproductive health needs. Adolescents are often the most vulnerable to risks associated with sexual activity, including HIV, due to personal and social issues such as feelings of isolation, child marriage, and stigmatization. Governments realized the importance of investing in the health of adolescents as a means of establishing future well-being for their societies. As a result, the Commission on Population and Development developed a series of fundamental rights for adolescents including the right to comprehensive sex education, the right to decide all matters related to their sexuality, and access to sexual and reproductive health services without discrimination (including safe abortions wherever legal).

Family Planning In India

 * editing and additions to "History" section
 * creation of "Modern Initiatives" section

Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights

 * creation of a "History of SRHR" section
 * creation of a "Goals and Objectives" section

Family Planning in India
Visaria, L., Jejeebhoy, S., & Merrick, T. (1999). From Family Planning to Reproductive Health: Challenges Facing India. International Family Planning Perspectives, 25, S44–S49. https://doi.org/10.2307/2991871

Banerji, D. (1974). Family Planning in India: The Outlook for 2000 AD. Economic and Political Weekly, 9(48), 1984–1989.

Ledbetter, R. (1984). Thirty Years of Family Planning in India. Asian Survey, 24(7), 736–758. https://doi.org/10.2307/2644186

Saxena, B. N. (1996). Reproductive health in India. Advances in Contraception, 12(4), 265–270. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01849328

Mo, H. F. (September 1986). "[Family planning in India]". Ren Kou Yan Jiu = Renkou Yanjiu(5): 51–54. ISSN 1000-6087. PMID 12315380

Hota, P. (2006). National rural health mission. The Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 73(3), 193–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02825478

"Reproductive health, and child health and nutrition in India: meeting the challenge". The Lancet. 377 (9762): 332–349. 2011-01-22. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61492-4. ISSN 0140-6736.

Mehta, Bharti; Kaur, Amandeep; Kumar, Vijay; Chawla, Sumit; Khatri, Sneh; Malik, Manisha (2015-12-27). "Adolescent Reproductive and Sexual Health in India: The Need to Focus". Journal of Young Medical Researchers. 1 (1).

"Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2018-05-04.

Maternal mortality ratio (modeled estimate, per 100,000 live births) | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2018-05-04

Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights
Abrejo, F. G., Shaikh, B. T., & Saleem, S. (2008). ICPD to MDGs: Missing links and common grounds. Reproductive Health, 5, 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4755-5-4

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Hindin, M. J., & Fatusi, A. O. (2009). Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health in Developing Countries: An Overview of Trends and Interventions. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 35(2), 58–62.

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Sneha's Peer Review
Area Feedback (Suggested Revisions):

- Consider converting bulleted content to prose format

- What distinguishes content categorized under the first subheading ("Family Planning in India: The Outlook for 2000AD") from content categorized under the second ("History of the Family Planning Movement")? You may want to consider categorizing all content under a single subheading since both sections appear to address the history of the family planning movement in India

Sector Feedback (Suggested Revisions):

- Consider converting bulleted content to prose format

- Consider revising the subheading title accordingly: "Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights: A Useful Discourse for Feminist Analysis and Activism"

- Consider condensing subheading title for conciseness purposes

Overall (Suggested Revisions):

- Very informative content! When converting bulleted information to narrative, consider neutrality of tone- the more "encyclopedic," the better. Great job with doing this so far!

Nice work! FrancessO (talk)

Area Article Feedback
I really enjoy your topic and the work that you are doing for your area article! You have a lot of good information and additions that you would like to make. I would suggest to start translating the bulleted points into cohesive sentences since sometimes it's difficult to convert fast information into proper sentences which make sense to readers. Since you have a lot of information, I would really focus on organizing and consolidating the subtopics into different and concise headings to make it an effortless read for viewers. Since this platform is primarily used for quick information/reference, I would suggest adding different categories.

Sector Article Feedback

Similarly, I would recommend to convert the bulleted information into proper sentences/paragraphs so as to make it most easiest for readers to understand the material. This is particularly important since we have to be mindful that our content is basically "flavorless" or neutral for Wiki. The headings run a bit longer so I would shorten these to also maximize reader experience.

Overall, I am very interested in your subject and would love to learn more about it!

Reflection

 * topics are inherently very divisive so it was not only difficult to write in a neutral/encyclopedic fashion but also to find and extract information from sources that was factual and not argumentative in nature