User:Sobreira/PIE

Glossary of sound laws in the Indo-European languages

IE

 * Notes:


 * 1 After a vowel.
 * 2 Before a plosive.
 * 3 Following an unstressed vowel (Verner's law).
 * 4 After a (PIE) stop or.
 * 5 Before a (PIE) front vowel.
 * 6 Before or after a (PIE).
 * 7 Before or after a (PIE).
 * 8 Between vowels.
 * 9 Before a sonorant.
 * 10 Before secondary (post-PIE) front-vowels.
 * 11 After (Ruki sound law).
 * 12 Before a stressed vowel.
 * 13 At the end of a word.
 * 14 After or before.
 * 15 After.
 * 16 Before an original laryngeal.
 * 17 Before a consonant or original laryngeal.
 * 18 In Younger Avestan, after a vowel.
 * 19 After, possibly other consonants?
 * 20 After (Greek).
 * 21 At the beginning of a word.
 * 22 Before or after an obstruent.
 * 23 Before or after a resonant.
 * 24 Between vowels, or between a vowel and (on either side).


 * Notes:
 * 1 Before wa.
 * 2 Before r, h. Gothic, but not other Germanic languages, merges /e/ and /i/.
 * 3 The existence of PIE non-allophonic a is disputed.
 * 4 In open syllables (Brugmann's law).
 * 5 Under stress.
 * 6 Before palatal consonants.
 * 7 The so-called breaking is disputed (typical examples are > Ved. prátīkam ~ Gk. πρόσωπον;  > Ved. jīvá- ~ Arm. keank‘, Gk. ζωός;  > Ved. dūrá- ~ Arm. erkar, Gk. δηρός)
 * 8 In a final syllable.
 * 9 Before velars and unstressed
 * 10 Before ā in the following syllable.
 * 11 Before i in the following syllable.
 * 12 In a closed syllable.
 * 13 In the neighbourhood of labials.
 * 14 In the neighbourhood of labiovelars.
 * 15 ā > ē in Attic and Ionic dialects only.
 * 16 Between consonants, or at the end of a word after a consonant.
 * 17 At the beginning of a word, followed by a consonant.
 * 18 In initial syllables only.
 * 19 In non-final syllables only.
 * 20 Before i, ī, or /j/ in the next syllable in Proto-Germanic (i-umlaut).
 * 21 Before h, w, or before r, l plus a consonant ("breaking").
 * 22 Before a back vowel in the next syllable (a restoration).
 * 23 Before a non-high vowel in the next syllable (a-mutation).