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Munshi-Ayyangar Formula was a constitutional compromise reached during the framing of the Indian Constitution. It shaped the Official language policy of the Republic of India. Named after K. M. Munshi and Gopalsamy Ayyangar - both members of the Indian Constituent Assembly - this formula ensured that the Indian constitution did not specify any "National language" and only mentioned "Official languages". Articles 343, 344, 345, 348 and 351 of the Indian constitution were adopted as a result of this compromise.

Background


During the British Raj, English was used for most official purposes both at the federal level and in the various states. . When the Indian Independence Movement gained momentum in the early part of the 20th Century, efforts were undertaken to make Hindustani as a common language to unite various linguistic groups against the British Government. As early as 1918, Mahatma Gandhi established the Dakshin Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha (Institution for the Propagation of Hindi in South India). In 1925, the Indian National Congress switched to Hindustani from English for conducting its proceedings. Both Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru were supporters of Hindustani and Congress wanted to propagate the learning of Hindustani in non-Hindi speaking Provinces of India. The idea of making Hindustani or Hindi the common language, was not acceptable to Tamil politicians like Periyar E. V. Ramasamy and Tamil speaking areas witnessed anti-Hindi agitations during 1937-40. The Indian Constituent Assembly was established on 9 December 1946, for drafting a Constitution when India became independent.

Alavandar Murder case
Alavandar Murder Case was a sensational murder trial that happened in Chennai, Tamil Nadu during 1952-53.

Mayors of Madras
 * Nathaniel Higginson - 1688-1792
 * No mayor till 1933
 * Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar ?? - 1928-30
 * M. A. Muthiah Chettiar - 1933
 * L. Sriramulu Naidu - 1930s and 40s
 * S. Satyamurti - 1939-40
 * U. Krishna Rao 1947-48
 * T. Chengalvaroyan, 1952-53
 * No mayor - 1972-1996?
 * M. K. Stalin - 1996-2001
 * M. Subramaniam - 2006-11

HW

 * Upon entering Tamil Nadu, the Kaveri continues through a series of twisted wild gorges until it reaches Hogenakal Falls and flows through a straight, narrow gorge near Salem.
 * movements in Pennagaram-Hogenakkal road as the Hogenakkal waterfalls is an important Tourist centre in Dharmapuri District