User:SooBin Moon/sandbox

1. Agricultural status in Korea (한국 농업현황)

1) Land Use and Cultivation Area (경지이용과 재배면적)

The economic area is expected to continue to decline in the long term due to the contraction of the agricultural sector, which is expected to be around 15.4 million ha in 2023 and 150.9 million ha in 2028. Compared to an average annual decrease of 0.6%, the per capita area of farming households is expected to gradually expand from 67.3a in 2018 to 72.1a in 2023 and 78.9a in 2028 due to the increase in retired farmers due to the aging of farming households. The land use rate is expected to fall 0.3 percent annually from 104.4 percent in 2018 to 101.2 percent in 2028.

2) Cultivation area by type (부류별 재배면적)

Except for some classes, the cultivation area of grain, vegetables and fruit trees is expected to continue to decline. In 2028, grain, vegetable and fruit cultivation areas are expected to decrease by 1.4%, 1.1%, and 0.4%, respectively, compared to 2018, while special, medicinal and other crop cultivation areas are expected to increase by 0.6% and 0.4%, respectively.

3) Agricultural self-sufficiency rate (농산물 자급률)

The self-sufficiency rate of agricultural products is falling as the opening of the agricultural and livestock markets has expanded due to the conclusion of the FTA. Grain self-sufficiency (excluding feed) fell 0.9%p annually from 57.6% in 1998 to 48.2% in 2018. The overall self-sufficiency rate is expected to fall 0.2%p annually in the mid- to long-term due to the expansion of the opening range of the agricultural and livestock markets and the decrease in agricultural land area, and stay at 70.0% in 2028. The self-sufficiency rate of grain is expected to fall by 0.4%p annually to 44.5% in 2028.

4) Consumption by type (부류별 소비)

While per capita consumption of meat and imported fruits has been on the rise due to the self-sufficiency rate of agricultural products, consumers' dietary changes, consumption of domestic agricultural products such as traditional seven grains, five vegetables and six fruits has been on the decline. Between 1998 and 2017, per capita consumption of grain decreased by 1.6% annually, and per capita consumption of the top five vegetables, the main ingredient of kimchi, also decreased by 0.5%. Per capita consumption of all fruits increased by 0.8% annually from 45.6 kg in 1998 to 53.4 kg in 2017. This is due to an average annual increase of 9.0% in orange and tropical imported fruit consumption, compared with an average annual decrease of 0.6% in the consumption of the six major fruits.

2. Problems of Korean agriculture (한국 농업의 문제)

1) Income gap between urban workers' household income and farm household income (도시근로자 가구소득 농가소득 간 소득격차)

The income gap between urban and rural households is expected to expand in the mid- to long-term from 64.8 percent in 2018 to 62.5 percent in 2028.

2) Farming households (농가인구)

The number of farmers decreased 3.1 percent annually from 4.4 million in 1998 to 2.42 million in 2017 due to the outflow of young people and the aging of rural population. The proportion of farmers aged 65 or older in Korea rose 1.2%p annually from 1998 to 2017, and the proportion of farmers aged 65 or older has exceeded 20% since 1998, and is aging super-aged. In the future, the proportion of farmers aged 65 or older will continue to increase, accelerating to 42.9 percent in 2018, 43.3 percent in 2019 and 52.3 percent in 2028. Farmhouses decreased by 1.6% annually from 141.3 million in 1998 to 10.4.2 million in 2017. The number of agriculture and forestry workers was 2.48 million in 1998, but in 2017, it decreased 3.4% annually over 20 years to 1.27.9 million, but in 2018, the number of agriculture and fishing workers increased 4.8% year-on-year to 1.34 million as interest in agriculture and rural areas increased and baby boomers and young people returned to farming and rural areas.

3. Implications for the Future of Korean Agriculture (한국농업의 미래에 대한 시사점)

The recent return of urbanites to farming is not only due to unemployment or economic problems. Since the end of 2008, there has been a second farming boom in Korea. With the U.S. financial crisis coupled with the mass retirement of so-called baby boomers (1955-1963), the government's policy to support returning to farming and rural areas was first implemented in 2009 and the return to farming and rural areas are beginning to become an important social phenomenon.

Basically, urban residents' rural migration is deeply related to the deterioration of urban employment, but the recent return to farming is a combination of many other factors. In particular, demands for alternative life, such as the trend toward work-life balance and preference for semi-nongban life, are high across generations. In the increasing phenomenon of TV programs related to rural life (I am a natural person, three meals a day, three meals a day, islanders, etc.) and movies (Little Forest, Farming Boys), and YouTube (Variety Palmer, Farming Jikbang), we can see a side of the growing social interest in farming and rural areas.

The promotion of projects to support young entrepreneurs' settlement in farming and rural areas (up to 1 million won a month for up to three years for young people under the age of 40) is related to the increase in the number of self-employed young people and unpaid family workers.

According to the analysis of the change factors, the recent increase in the number of employed people in agriculture and fisheries is attributed to the worsening employment situation in the city, the massive retirement of baby boomers, the increased preference for agricultural and rural life in all age groups, the reorganization of the manpower structure centered on agricultural corporations, the support for employment at agricultural corporations and the settlement of young start-ups, and the job security fund project.

4. Suggestions for the Future of Positive Korean Agriculture (긍정적인 한국농업의 미래를 위한 제언)

1) Agriculture, Creating Rural Jobs (농업, 농촌 일자리 창출)

The efforts that the government can make for the future of Korean agriculture are as follows: First, the food plan has a great effect on the creation of jobs in the region and the revitalization of the local economy, so the project can be expanded so that metropolitan and local governments can promote the establishment and revitalization of the food plan. New jobs can be created in the region in areas such as local food stores, public meals, village processing, and local specialty restaurants. An example is Wanju Local Food, which created a total of 3,200 jobs (about 350 wage earners) during the 2010-2017 period.

Second, there is a plan to support residential infrastructure, a space where young people and returnees can live in rural areas for a certain period of time and get a job and start a business in a stable manner. In addition to farmland, in the case of houses, local governments need to take the lead in collecting (empty houses) information and managing the responsibilities of local governments to establish a system for leasing to those who return to farming and rural areas for a certain period of time. In addition, as in the case of Pamela, various rural temporary housing models are needed to meet the needs of each generation. FARMFRA is a company created by three young people in February 2018 with the aim of "providing rural infrastructure such as housing, land and profit models to young farmers without foundation." They are working on a "nobugi" project to distribute six-pyeong of mobile wooden houses for young people who are struggling with housing. A manual will be made and released in an open source so that young people can build their own houses. In addition, the company is carrying out projects such as starting farming without capital by using community farms, a profit model for young farmers (ssukdae field), a school for learning rural life, and production technology (fampare school), a cultural program (farmfare), which helps young people in urban areas enter early, and a workware, hand tools, and eco-friendly materials for building houses (fampra goods).

2) Making a Better Rural Area to Live in (살기 좋은 농촌 만들기)

Based on the propensity of those who chose to return to farming from the implications of the future of Korean agriculture, efforts should be made to realize 'rural utopia', a good rural area to live in. The Rural Utopia is a goal with a will to solve the real problem and develop the rural areas in the direction we consider desirable. The desirable development of rural areas should be achieved by encompassing not only the residents living in rural areas but also urban residents who are the consumers of rural spaces and potential residents. And this should revive the stagnant and hollowing-out rural communities by improving rural settlement conditions and improving the quality of life for rural residents through national planning.

Through the case of Marinaleda, a Spanish community that carries out joint cultivation, co-operatives and direct democracy, one can get implications for the realization of rural utopia. With a population of 2,700 in southern Andalusia, Spain, the Marinaleda was a depressed area with unemployment of more than 60 percent in the 1980s. But after the community's efforts, dreaming of utopia, agriculture,

Based on, it has been transformed into a place where the unemployment rate is 0% and the housing supply rate is 100%, and the population is growing little by little every year by year.

Because of the Spanish government's free medical care, Marinanda can have her own home, which costs about 20,000 won a month, access cultural facilities, and inherit at a cost of 15 euros a month. Also, workers working on joint farms receive equal pay of 47 euros a day, regardless of what they do. All the workers in the Marinaleda are joined by a union called the Workers' Union (SOC), which receives work through the Umar Cooperative, which operates the Umoso Farm. Based on this, residents of the Marinaleda think that the goal of life is not competition or development, but solidarity and integration, and judge the value of life differently.